04) Radio Network Planning

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c
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OBJECTIVES
•Describe the meaning of network optimization

•Master the basic technology of network planning
•State the meanings of various network optimization
parameters
•Master how to set network optimization parameters
•Master the optimization of dual-band networks
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.c

Contents
• GSM cellular architecture

• Site Capacity Planning
• Cell design and coverage forecast
• Frequency planning & interference prediction

Cellular Architecture

The multiplex area cluster
B3 A1 B2 B3 A1 B2
C1 A2 A3 C1 A2 A3 C1
C3 B1 C2 C3 B1 C2 C3
A1 B2 B3 A1 B2 B3 A1
A3 C1 A2 A3 C1 A2
A1 A3

Definition of C/I and C/A
• Co-channel Interference C/I ：
C/I refers to the interference of another cell using the
same frequency to the current cell. The ratio of carrier
to interference is called C/I.
GSM specification regulates that C/I >9dB. In
implementing, it requires C/I>12dB.
• Adjacent channel interference C/A
C/A refers to interference of adjacent channel to the
current channel. The ratio is called C/A. The GSM
specification regulates that C/A>-9dB.

Calculation of C/I
• Where, Pown_cell is the signal strength of current cell;

Pi_BCCH is BCCH signal strength of interfering cell i
measured by MS.

Features of cellular system
• Multiplex of radio frequency resources ；

• Automatic handover ；
• Channel allocation and cell split.

Radio network planning Introduction
• Scope
GSM: NSS+BSS+OMC
GSM Network planning:
Switch network planning
Trunk circuits planning
Radio network planning

Goal
With lowest cost

• To provide certain service grade
• To meet current and future traffic requirement
• To satisfy current and future coverage requirement

GSM Network Design & Optimization
Cycle
System Requirement Analysis Survey & Site Layout
System Capacity Limit Capacity Planning
Routine Optimization & Adjustment Coverage Planning and Prediction
System Capacity Increment Frequency Plan and Interference Analysis
Cut-over Optimization & Adjustment Project Implementation

Content
Engineering Implementation
Planning
Optimization
Implementation
Site survey
Capacity
Evaluation
Coverage
Frequency
interference Optimization
Parameter
design

Contents


OBJECTIVES
•Method for calculating the system capacity

•Methods for site capacity planning

Capacity Planning
Network Dimensioning
To estimate the amount of sites and cells.
• How many Subscribers are supported by one site?

• How many sites should be setup in the service
area?
• How many TRX are supported by one site?

Some basic concept
Traffic （ Erlang ）
Busy hour traffic per subscriber （ Erla
ng ）
BHCA(Busy Hour Call Attempt)
Erlang B table
Call loss rate

Some basic concept
• Traffic:A kind of measurement of the teleph

one load, which refers to the load volume of
a telephone subscriber in a specified time pe
riod. (Erlang)
• BHCA: Busy hour calling amount or busy h
our call attempt
• Erlang B table: define the relationship amon
g call loss,channel numbers and traffic.

Some basic concept
• Busy hour traffic per subscriber:

A =α·β·t
α is the call amount per subscriber per day
β is the busy hour concentration factor (i.e. ratio of the busy hour
traffic to the whole day traffic)
t is the average channel seizure duration per conversation per
subscriber
• Call loss rate:
Ratio of call loss to the whole amount of calling.

Traffic forecast and capacity planning
Steps
Subscriber prediction →Traffic density forecast →Site type and number
→Site layout → Channel configuration
Based On
a 、 Traffic and traffic density
b 、 GOS
c 、 Available number of TCH/CCH
d 、 Available frequency band and frequency reuse pattern

Subscriber Forecast
Near term: 1-2years

Long term: 3-5years
• Growth trend forecast method

• Population penetration method
• Growth curve method
• Conic method

n
d
3000
2500
2500
f
2000
o
2000
1500 r
1000
1500 e
用户数(万)
1000
c
500
a
500
0 s
199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
19 19 19
90 91 92
t 19 19 19 19 19 19
93 94 95 96 97 98
用户数(万) 1.53 4.75 17.7 63.8 157 363 685 1364 2496 用户数(万) 1.5 4.8 18 64 157 363 685 136 249

n
d
300 300
f
250
250 o
200 r
200
150
e
150
c
100 100
a
50 s50
0 t0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
年增长率(%) 0 160 272 261 146 132 89 99 83 年增长率(%) 160 272 261 146 132 89 99 83

e
t
r
9
8a
10000
8000 7t
6
6000 5
i
4o
用户数（万）
4000
2000
3
2
n
1
0
199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200
5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2
m 0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
用户数 363 685 136 249 343 505 701 921 e
（万） 4 6 2 3 6 9 普及率% 0.3 0.57 1.14 2.08 2.64 3.89 5.4 7.69
t
h
o
Traffic density forecast method
• Linear forecast
• Linear forecast combined with manual

adjustment (population, income, vehicle)

Base station capacity planning
1. The number of BTS (Traffic limited)
i. Estimate the largest possible capacity (Erl) of each bas
e station according to the frequency multiplex mode to
be used.
ii. Derive the minimum number of base stations in an are
a by dividing the total traffic by the largest capacity of
each base station.
2. The number of BTS (Coverage limited)
Get the maximum number of base stations by dividing
the area size by the (estimated) minimum coverage of
a base station.

Base station capacity planning
3 ． Estimate the BS cell capacity
I. Estimate the cell coverage area. Multiply the BS cell
coverage by the traffic density concerned, then you ca
n get the present traffic of the cell.
II. Query the ErlangB table according to the traffic and s
pecified call loss index, you can get the number of voi
ce channels needed by the BS cell.
III. Add up the voice channels and the control channels th
at should be configured, then divide the number by 8,
you can get the number of carrier frequencies of the B
S and the cell.
Capacity Planning
Configuration planning
• Allocation of CCH and TCH(In case of

availability rate 98%, 0.025Erl per
subscriber)
TRX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CCH 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
TCH 7 14 22 30 37 45 53
Traffic 2.93 8.2 14.9 22 28 35.5 43

Erlang-B Table
2% 5%
1 0.020 0.053
2 0.223 0.381
3 0.602 0.899
4 1.092 1.525
5 1.657 2.218
6 2.276 2.960
7 2.935 3.738
8 3.627 4.543
9 4.345 5.370
10 5.084 6.216
11 5.842 7.076
12 6.615 7.950
13 7.402 8.835
14 8.200 9.730
15 9.010 10.633
16 9.828 11.544
17 10.656 12.461
18 11.491 13.335
19 12.333 14.315
20 13.182 15.249
21 14.036 16.189
22 14.896 17.132
23 15.761 18.080
24 16.631 19.030
25 17.505 19.985

The number of control channels
Suppose SDCCH average process time is 3s ， Locatio
n updating process is 9s,BHCA=2
The traffic of SDCCH per subscriber is:
(3×2 + 9) / 3600 = 0.0042 Erlang
4SDCCH call loss=2% can support 1.092Erlang ，
(1.092 / 0.0042 = 260sub) ×0.025 Erlang = 6.5Erlang
look up in Erlang-B ， call loss=2% ， 6.5Erlang need
12TCH(2TRX) 。
8SDCCH call loss=2% can support 3.627Erlang
(3.627 / 0.0042 = 863sub) ×0.025 Erlang = 21.6Erlang
Look up in Erlang-B ， call loss=2% ， 21.6Erlang need
30 TCH(4TRX) 。
Increase the network capacity
 Site expansion & cell split

 Tighter frequency reuse pattern
 Increase micro cell
 Building dual band network

Traffic forecast and capacity planning
Site capacity calculation

City A: Required coverage area is 150km2 ，
Target capacity=2k Erlang ，
GOS=2% ， Busy hour traffic per subscriber=0.025Erlang ，
available GSM900 frequency band=6.2MHz 。

LA Planning
PLMN
MSC MSC
CELL CELL CELL CELL
LA LA
CELL CELL CELL CELL
CELL CELL CELL CELL

LA LA
CELL CELL CELL CELL

LA Planning
• Minimize the Location Update numbers on

condition that there is overload on PCH
• Paging load decide the maximum size of LA
• Location Update Load decide the minimum size of
LA

LA Planning
• LA should not be too big

or too small
• LA<300TRX
• Plan LA on geographical
situation and subscriber
behaviors

LA Plan in Dual band Network
900 900 900

LA2
1800 1800 1800 1800

LA1
Plan on Frequency band

LA Plan in Dual band Network
900 900 900 900
1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800
LA1 LA2
Plan on geographical position

Contents


OBJECTIVES
•BTS site selection procedures

•Traffic volume prediction method
•Cell capacity planning method
•Antenna parameter selection

Coverage forecast
• In order to calculate the coverage,we should have:

 BTS location----BTS initial layout
 Coverage field intensity requirement
 Antenna system
 Uplink/Downlink balance
 Digital Map

Coverage forecast
Radio network planning software

BS position Coverage map and planning report
Antenna power
Height
Azimuth Planning software
Downtilt
Propagation Adjustment
Digital map
U/D balance
Field intensity
BTS Site Layout and Survey
Initial Site Layout
Site Layout Adjustment

Site Selection & Survey
Capacity Planning
Cell Data Design & Coverage Prediction
Frequency Planning & Interference Analysis
Scheme Determination

Limited factor
• Cellular structure
• Coverage
• Traffic density distribution
• Site condition
• Cost

BTS Site Preliminary Layout
Site Layout Key Factors

• High traffic area– traffic
• Low traffic area– coverage
• Middle traffic area—traffic+coverage
For large cities, the field strength of the
coverage area is not firstly considered, while
the traffic distribution and propagation
conditions are given more consideration.

Site Configuration
• For dense city area---- three-sector-cell
is preferred with a coverage radius of
0.5 ～ 1.0km
• For rural area----three-sector-cell or O s
ite are preferred with a coverage radius
of 2-8Km
• For middle size city or suburb---- three-
sector-cell or O site are preferred with a
coverage radius of 1 － 4Km
• For area along backbone highway or
narrow area---- two-sector-cell is
preferred with a distance of 15 ～ 25km
from one to another.

1. The BS layout shall conform to the cellular structure and

cell split requirements
2. In consideration of the local planning and topographical
structure:
a) The BS layout shall comply with the city development
plan, and proper lead is allowed ；
b) Areas of important users shall be covered by the BS;
c) Add microcell stations or carrier frequencies in the "hot
spot" areas of the cities;
d) Add stations along the metro, in the underground
shopping market or stadium if necessary

BTS Site Location Considerations
1) Convenient traffic, reliable mains supply, safe

environment and small area coverage.
2) When building less stations during the first phase
of a network, the site selection principle is to
guarantee the coverage of important users and
downtown areas with dense subscribers.

3) Given that the base station layout is not influenced,

please try to select the existing telecom hub
buildings, post and telecom bureaus or microwave
station as the base stations, and making use of their
equipment rooms, power supplies, iron towers and
other facilities.
4) Avoid setting up base stations in the UHF TV
stations. If it is a must, please check if the
interference exists or there are measures to evade
such interference.

5) Avoid establishing base stations near the radar

stations. If you are to do so, please take measures
against interference and ensure security.
6) Avoid building base stations on high mountains
because the stations there have large interference
scope and affect the frequency multiplex. In the
rural areas, the stations on high mountains are
often unable to well cover the towns and villages
in the basins.

7) Avoid setting up base stations in the woods. If
you are to do so, please keep the antenna higher
than the tree top.
8) In small cells (R=1 ～ 3km) of a city, you shall
select the building higher than the average
building height but lower than the highest
building as the station site; in the micro cells,
you shall select the building lower than the
average building height as the station site, and
the surrounding buildings have better shield
effect.
9) The base stations of two systems in the city shall

share sites or stay close as much as possible.
10) Avoid selecting the sites where there may be new
buildings affecting the coverage or causing cofre
quency interference.

11)Necessary station building conditions:

a) The building has available mains supply and
lightning protection ground system;
b) The floor load can meet the technological
requirements;
c) The top of the building has the space for
installing the antenna.

12) Select the equipment rooms with little expansion

cost or buildings with less rent as the station
sites. If possible, select the offices, equipment
rooms or office buildings of your own
organization as the station sites.

Design cell parameters
Parameters in designing a cell
• Coverage field intensity
• Coverage radius
• Edge completion probability
Which are related to the following parameters ：
system redundancy, degradation storage caused by fast
fading and artificial noise, losses of various types, route
loss, BS antenna input power, antenna parameter, diversity
gain, tower amplifier, MS RF performance, and the
calculation of the uplink and downlink balance.

Design cell parameters
Communication probability
The successful probability of the MS making
satisfactory conversation along the edge of a radio
coverage area (or inside the area), including the
location probability and time probability.
• The variation of communication probability with the time is
far less than the variation with the location
• In China, we use the radio completion rate index along the
cell edges,
– Suburb: 75% ， City:90%

Design the cell parameters
• Degradation definition: the addition of the receiving level

necessary for the attainment of the same voice quality as
that when there is only the receiver noise in case there are
multi-path propagation effect and artificial noise (mainly
the interference of the car spark. )
• In high-way planning the degradation storage is a must;
• The general degradation storage is 8~10dB. .

Losses of various type
• Building penetration loss:

City: 15dB rural area:10dB
• Human body loss: 3dB.
• Vehicle loss:8-10dB

Cell Data Design
• Antenna Selection
• Antenna Height, Direction(Azimuth)
and Downtilt
• diversity Technique
• Balanced transmission power

BS antenna input power
• EIRP:equivalent isotropic radiation power

• BS antenna input power = transmitter
output power － (combiner loss+feeder
cable loss+connector loss+other component
losses)
• EIRP=BS antenna input power
+ BS antenna gain

Antenna Gain
• Antenna gain: The more concentration of transmitt
ing directions (vertical or horizontal) of antennas,
the higher the antenna gain.
Omni-directional antenna:9-11dBi
Directional antenna: 17-18.5 dBi
14.5-16 dBi
• Select principle:Coverage size

Antenna gain
•City （ coverage distance is not far, around 15.5dBi ）
Distance
•Suburb （ coverage distance is relatively long ， around

17dBi ）
Distance

Antenna parameters
• Back and front ratio: (>20dB)

• Polarization: vertical, +450/-450 slant
• 3dB Beam width:
Horizontal:65-city;90-suburb, O-rural area
Vertical: 60-90 -city,120-150 -suburb

Antenna height and direction
• The effective antenna height: the antenna height a

bove the sea level minus the average topographica
l height above the sea level: hte= hts-hga.
• Direction(Azimuth)
Facing to high traffic density area,
Avoid pointing to the street directly

Inclined angle
• Inclined angle of antenna ：

When the antenna is installed in the vertical direction, i
ts transmitting direction is horizontal. Due to the cofreq
uency interference and time dispersion, the cellular net
work antennas usually have an declination angle. The
antenna declination is divided into mechanical declinati
on and electronic declination.
• Selection principle ：
Rely on coverage, traffic and interference.
In city use electronic declination.

Inclined angle
Adjust the inclined angle according to the target coverage
area. Generally,with the increase of cell capacity,required
coverage size decrease, we always increase the inclined
angle to counteract the interference.

Diversity technology
• The antenna diversity refers to space diversity or

polarization diversity
• Space diversity refers to the space between two
receiving antennas so as to reduce the correlation
between the received signals and improve the receiving
quality.
• Polarization diversity means to make the polarization
angle of two receiving antennas into 90°to get better
diversity gain.

Diversity technology
• The diversity gain: 3-5 dB

• Outdoor :Space diversity is better than polarization
diversity
• Space diversity distance:
Antenna height/10>4m (900M)
Antenna height/20>2m (1800M)

Up and Down Link Power Budget
• To get BS maximum transmit power and

coverage radius
• To avoid invalid down-link coverage
• To lower the interference and system noise
• Up-link Power Budget analysis

• Down-link Power Budget analysis
• Up and Down link Budget
Balance analysis

Up and Down Link Balance
Uplink Downlink
MS output power BS transmitter power
Human body loss Combiner
Building penetration loss Duplexer
Path loss Feeder and other loss
Antenna gain Antenna gain
Diversity gain
Feeder and other loss Path loss
Duplexer Building penetration loss
Splitter Human body loss
BS receiver sensitivity MS receiver sensitivity

A
n
–
a
Uplink Analysis ：
MS transmitting power （ 1W ） l 30 （ dBm ）
Human body loss y3 （ dB ）
Building loss 17 （ dB ）
 MS effective output power10 s（ dBm ）
BS receiver sensitivity i
-108 （ dBm ）
BS antenna gain 17 （ dBi ）
Feeder and connector loss
s4 （ dB ）
Diversity gain 2 （ dB ）
System redundancy 6 （ dB ）
 BS effective receive power -117 （ dBm ）
Indoor allowed path loss 127 （ dBm ）
Outdoor allowed path loss 144 （ dBm ）

w
e
– Downlink r
BS transceiver output power （ 20W ） 43 （ dB
m）
Combiner loss 5a （ dB ）
BS Antenna gain n （ dBi ）
17
Feeder & connector loss 4
a （ dB ）
 BS effective output power 51 （ dBm ）
l
MS receive sensitivity -101 （ dBm ）
Human body loss 3
y （ dB ）
Build loss s
17 （ dB ）
System redundancy 6 （i dB ）
 MS receive power -75 （ dBm ）
Indoor allowed path loss
s
126 （ dBm ）
Outdoor allowed path loss 143 （ dBm ）
Field intensity coverage design
Field intensity coverage:
1. Indoor coverage level in the bustling areas of large

cities: -70dBm
2. Indoor coverage level in the ordinary city areas: -8
0 dBm
3. Outdoor coverage level in city areas:
4. -90 dBm
5. In rural areas: -94 dBm

Digital map

Coverage Prediction

Coverage forecast
Coverage forecast

Contents


OBJECTIVES
•State Basic concept of Frequency Planning

•Grasp the Frequency Plan Application
•Describe the anti-interference technologies

FREQUENCY RE-USE
Basic Concept:
–Frequency Reuse Cluster

–Frequency Reuse Factor
–Frequency Reuse Distance
–C/I and C/A

FREQUENCY RE-USE DISTANCE
•The following equation is used to estimate

frequency reuse distance:
D= 3N * R
D —— frequency reuse distance

R —— cell radius
N - frequency reuse factor. N=9 for “3  3”
N=12 for “4  3”
• For “3/9” frequency reuse, D=5.2R
• For “4/12” frequency reuse, D=6R
DEFINITION OF C/I AND C/A
 Co-channel Interference C/I ：

C/I refers to the interference of another cell
using the same frequency to the current cell. The
ratio of carrier to interference is called C/I.
GSM specification regulates that C/I >9dB. In
implementing, it requires C/I>12dB.
 Adjacent channel interference C/A
C/A refers to interference of adjacent cell to
the current cell. The ratio is called C/A. The GSM
specification regulates that C/A>-9dB.

CALCULATION OF C/I
Where, Pown_cell is the signal strength of current cell;

Pi_BCCH is BCCH signal strength of interfering cell i
measured by MS.

Frequency Reuse
 Ordinary frequency reuse: “43”, “33” and more

close “26” and “13”.
 MRP: different layers adopt different frequency reuse
patterns.
 Concentric: the Underlay and Overlay adopt different
frequency reuse patterns respectively.

4 X 3 FREQUENCY RE-USE PATTERN
D3 A1 C2 C3 B1 D2
C1 A2 A3 D1 B2 B3 C1
C3 B1 D2 D3 A1 C2 C3
A1 B2 B3 C1 A2 A3 D1
D2 A1 C2 C3 B1 D2
A1 D3
• “4  3” frequency reuse pattern is that each site is divided into 3 sector. 12 frequencies
form a group which are distributed to 4 different sites. Each site owns 3 frequencies.

B3 A1 B2 B3 A1 B2
C1 A2 A3 C1 A2 A3 C1
C3 B1 C2 C3 B1 C2 C3
A1 B2 B3 A1 B2 B3 A1
A3 C1 A2 A3 C1 A2
A1 A3
• “3  3” frequency reuse pattern is that each site is divided into 3 sector. 9 frequencies
form a group which are distributed to 3 different sites. Each site owns 3 frequencies.

TRX A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

MRP
• It’s unreasonable to adopts idealized and regular frequency
reuse pattern indiscriminately, which will cause low frequency
utilization rate and difficult to ensure the C/I requirement.
• Multiple frequency Reuse Pattern (MRP) is an irregular and
dynamic frequency reuse mode designed according to GSM
features.
• That is, dividing frequency band into different combinations,
each combination adopting different frequency reuse pattern. Each
carrier of a cell may adopts different frequency reuse pattern.

MRP
Bandwidth=6 MHz
BCCH FRF=12
TCH1 FRF=9
TCH2
FRF=6 For Microcell
FRF:Frequency Reuse Factor

MRP+FH+DTX+DPC
BCCH TCH1 TCH2 TCH3

“4×3” “3×3” “2×3” “1×3”

Application of MRP
China mobile:MRP
Frequency bandwidth: 7.2MHz
AFN: （ 60 ～ 95 ），
Divide 36 carrier frequencies into 4 group as per 12/9/8/7
Channel Logic channel TCH1 service TCH2 service TC3 service

type channel channel channel
Channel 60 61 62 63 64 65 72 73 74 75 76 77 81 82 83 84 85 89 90 91 92
number 66 67 68 69 70 71 78 79 80 86 87 88 93 94 95

Application of MRP
66 76
62 73
64 70 67 75 75
60 63 79
65 72 72
68 71 78 77 78
61 74
69 80
92
1) BCCH 4  3 2) TCH1 3  3
90 84
82
91 92 84
94 90 83 86
89 81 82
93 91 94 83
85 86
89 81
93 85
4) TCH3 2  3 3) TCH2 2  3
MRP Characters
 Increase network capacity greatly and decrease average
frequency reuse factor to 8, thus increasing frequency
reuse efficiency greatly.
 Flexible channel allocation. Different frequency reuse
pattern may be adopted step by step according to capacity
requirement.
 Some carriers can be released for micro-cells.
 Should combine with FH, DPC and DTX to lower
interference.
 Especially for sites distributed unevenly.

Comparison of the system capacities between normal
multiplexing and MRP technologies
Multiplex mode BS configuration Average station Capacity
capacity ratio
（ subscriber ）
6MHZ 4×3 3/2/2 or 3/3/2 1440 1
3×3 3/3/3 1788 1 ． 24
1×3 4/4/4 2640 1 ． 83
MRP （ 12, 9, 6 ） 3/3/3 1788 1 ． 24

**
2×6 2/2/2/2/2/2 2160 1．5
9.6MHZ 4×3 4/4/4 2628 1
3×3 5/5/5 3384 1 ． 29
1×3 6/6/6 4272 1 ． 63
MRP （ 12, 9, 6 ） 6/6/6 4272 1 ． 63

**
2×6 3/3/3/4/4/4 4416 1 ． 68

Concentric
2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2

Concentric
• The principle of ordinary concentric is that a cell is divided

into underlay and overlay,
• The coverage of Underlay is the same as that of ordinary
cell, while the Overlay use small transmitting power and
thus has smaller coverage.
• The frequency reuse factor of overlay differs from that of
underlay.
• The BCCH and SDCCH are used by Underlay, in which the
call will be set up.
• A brand new switching algorithm should be added.

Concentric
• The absorbing of traffic by overlay is limited by traffic lay-

out and coverage. It will increase the capacity by 10-30%
and is related to traffic distribution.
• The overlay is more suitable for outdoor traffic
concentrated in the vicinity of BTSs because of its smaller
transmitting power.
• On the condition that the network quality will not be
affected, a closer frequency reuse pattern should be
adopted. At the same time, DPC and DTX technology
should be adopted to ensure network quality.

C/I-based Concentric IUO
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2

IUO
• IUO has the same network structure as ordinary

concentric, consisting of Overlay and Underlay.
• In general, the two layers share the same site and
antenna. Similar to ordinary cell, the Underlay adopts 4*3
frequency reuse pattern, while the Overlay adopts
closer pattern.
• Same like ordinary concentric, the control channel
functions within Underlay where calls are established.

IUO
• Different from ordinary concentric, the Underlay and
Overlay of IUO both use the same transmitting power.
• Because the Overlay adopts closer frequency reuse
pattern, the chances of co-channel and adjacent channel
interference increase.
• IUO adopts a handover algorithm based on C/I to solve this
problem.
• It functions as follows: the call is established within
Underlay, the BSC continuously monitor the downward C/I
in Overlay. When C/I reaches applicable threshold, the call
will be handed over to Overlay. At the same time, the C/I is
monitored continuously and the call will be handed over to
Underlay if it deteriorates to inapplicable threshold.
IUO
• The implementation of IUO is easy. Little modification is

needed and no special requirement to MSs.
• Because of adopting special algorithm on handing over,
measurement and estimation on C/I, the speech quality
can be guaranteed while increasing the system capacity.
• Because both Underlay and Overlay have the same
transmitting power, it’s very suitable for absorbing traffic
inside building which has a strong isolation capability to
radio signal.

Comparison
• Concentric • IUO
– U lay smaller transmitting – U/O same transmitting po
power wer
– Handover based on power or – Handover algorithm based
TA on C/I
– Underlay coverage is fixed – Underlay coverage is fixed
but not reasonable and reasonable
– Absorb limited traffic – Absorb more traffic
– Handover algorithm is easy – Handover algorithm is co
mplicated

Capacity of C/I Based Concentric
Technology
 Capacity comparison with “4x3”pattern ：
Grade of Service (GOS) ： 2 %
Per subscriber traffic at busy hour ： 0.03 Erl
Bandwidth: 6M
Overlay adopts “4x3” pattern
Underlay 1x3
Underlay 2x3
Underlay 3x3
Standard 4X3
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Subsc./bts
2TRXs Overlay 1TRXs Overlay All overlay
Principle of frequency plan
• The frequency in same site can not be reused
• In same cell,the frequency distance between BCCH
and TCH is at least 400khz
• The frequency distance of TCH should be more than
400khz if FH is not adopted.
• Frequency can not be reused in its directly adjacent
sites if it is not 1*3 pattern
• Try to avoid to use the same frequency when the two
sites are relatively near

Principle of frequency plan
• Pay more attention to co-frequency reuse case.avoid

to set same BSIC to BCCH with same frequency
• When 1*3 mode is adopted, ensure the frequencies
of hopping is at least twice as the number of TRX
involved in FH..

Interference Analysis
Anti-interference technique
 Dynamic power control (DPC)
 Discontinuous transceiving (DTX)
 Diversity receiving technique
 FH technique

Discontinuous transmission (DTX)
Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode. One is to

lower the total interference level in the air, and the other is to
save transmitter power. The DTX mode and the normal mode
are optional, since the former will slightly lower the
transmission quality.

Discontinuous transmission (DTX)
• DTX contributes very little to the interference

during the quiet period, its power can be regarded
as 0 (inactive state). Suppose the DTX active
factor is , then the gain.

C / I (dB)  10 log CI  10 log CI  10 log 

Dynamic power control (DPC)
From the figure we A1

can see that, in the
A1 A2 A3 A1
dynamic power
control situation, A2 A3 A1 A2 A3
when the interfering A1 A2 A3 A1
MS is only at the cell A2 A3 A1 A2 A3

borders, the BTS can
A2 A3
work with the
maximum
transmitting power.

Dynamic power control (DPC)
Obviously, the interfering MS location is a probability.

This case is especially apparent in the frequency
hopping situation.
Suppose the DPC factor is p:
C / I (dB)  10 log C
pI  10 log CI  10 log p

Frequency hopping
• Frequency hopping is to avoid external
interference. In other words, it is to prevent or
greatly reduce co-channel interference and
frequency selective fading effect by converting
frequencies to an extent that interference cannot
catch up with
• The hopping sequences in the GSM are mainly
described by two parameters:
• HSN （ hopping sequence number ）
• MAIO （ mobile assignment index offset ）

Frequency hopping
• The advantage of the frequency hopping is the so-

called effect of Frequency Diversity and
Interference Diversity. The former actually
expands the network coverage scope, and the latter
improves the network capacity.

Frequency diversity gain
• Frequency diversity refers to its capability to resist

the Rayleigh fading. As the Rayleigh fadings on di
fferent TRXs are somewhat uncorrelated (the bigg
er the frequency difference, the smaller the correla
tion is) , thus the bursts distributed on different TR
Xs will not be affected by the same Rayleigh fadin
g.
• Gain=1.5-6.5dB

Interference diversity gain
• Interference diversity refers to its capability to sup

press the interference signals of other cofrequency
multiplexed cells
• Gain= n 10 log
m
• Where n-the frequency number of FH set

m-TRX number

13 Frequency Reuse
1*3 ＋ FH ＋ DPC ＋ DTX
Most A1
densely reuse pattern
BCCH (4*3) A1 A2 A3 A1
Combined with anti- A2 A3 A1 A2 A3

interference technology
A1 A2 A3 A1
Generally ， only use 50% of
the whole available frequency A2 A3 A1 A2 A3
A2 A3
C/I= 9.43 dB

13 Frequency Reuse
Let's look at the “1×3” multiplex interference to see the contribution of the antiint
erfering technology to the reduction of the interference and the increase of the
system capacity.
Compared to “4×3” multiplex, the “1×3” multplex brings about the interference d
egradation:
CIR 4×3- CIR 1×3 =18 - 9.43  8.57 dB
“1×3”hopping, 50% frequency load brings about the interference diversity gain:
10log10(2/1) = 3dB
Suppose the frequency hopping length is 12 frequency points, then the frequency
diversity gain is about 2dB
Suppose the DTX active factor is 0.5, then the gain is:
-10log10(0.5) = 3dB
Suppose the DPC factor is 0.9, then the gain is: -10log10(0.9) =0.5dB
The total gain is: 3+2+3+0.5=8.5dB
From the above analysis, we can see that the antiinterference technology can basic
ally offset the interference degradation cause by the denser multiplex mode.

Frequency planning and interference forecast
Coverage design
Field strength
a
Adjust antenna par
Auto Fre. Plan by software Manual Fre. plan
Manual Interference forecast

adjustment
Satisfied?
Planning report and

Interference forecast map

Verifying reasonability and availability of cell planning

Interference protection ratio: co-channel: C/I=9dB(12dB)
adjacent channel: C/A=-9dB(-6dB)
Second adjacent channel: C/A=-41db(-38dB)
•Same/adjacent frequency interference analysis prediction:
To verify if the network planning satisfies the same/adjacent frequency interferenc
e rated value.
•Cell plan parameter partly adjustment and re-analysis:
Reasonable selection for antenna azimuth angle and downtilt
angle
under coverage satisfaction premise, reduce overlapped coverag
e area to the best


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interference
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n interference
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ZTE University u www.univ.zte.com.c

04) Radio Network Planning

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04) Radio Network Planning

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ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.

•Describe the meaning of network optimization

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• GSM cellular architecture

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• Where, Pown_cell is the signal strength of current cell;

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• Multiplex of radio frequency resources ；

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With lowest cost

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System Requirement Analysis Survey & Site Layout

System Capacity Limit Capacity Planning

Routine Optimization & Adjustment Coverage Planning and Prediction

System Capacity Increment Frequency Plan and Interference Analysis

Cut-over Optimization & Adjustment Project Implementation

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• GSM cellular architecture

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•Method for calculating the system capacity

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• How many Subscribers are supported by one site?

• How many TRX are supported by one site?

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• Traffic:A kind of measurement of the teleph

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• Busy hour traffic per subscriber:

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Near term: 1-2years

• Growth trend forecast method

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• Linear forecast combined with manual

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• Allocation of CCH and TCH(In case of

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 Site expansion & cell split

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Site capacity calculation

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CELL CELL CELL CELL

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• Minimize the Location Update numbers on

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• LA should not be too big

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900 900 900

1800 1800 1800 1800

Plan on Frequency band

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900 900 900 900

1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800

Plan on geographical position

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