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 OBJECTIVES

• To understand the procedures of GSM Handover

• To understand the procedures of Power Control

• To identify parameters needed for Handover and

Power Control Operation

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 HAND-OVER AND POWER CONTROL

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 HAND-OVER

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 HAND-OVER
• Hand-over is a process that transfers a MS that is
in setting up or busy status to a new traffic
channel.
• Generally, hand-over will occur under the following
two conditions:
1. A busy MS which is moving from a cell into
another
2. An MS is making a call at overlapping area of
two cells, one of which is very busy in traffic, or
the quality or the strength of the signal
decreased.

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 PURPOSES OF HAND-OVER

1. Save the calls in progress （ bad quality)

2. Cell-boundary handing over to improve ongoin
g calls (weak signal)
3. Intra-cell hand-over reducing interference withi
n a cell (severe interference)
4. Compelled hand-over to balance traffic
distribution of inter-cells.

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 NETWORK OVERVIEW

MSC: routes the call to the other

MSC during Inter-MSC HO BTS measures:
BSC Evaluation and Decision
of HO Signal Strength UL, Quality
UL , TA Signal Strength of
Neignboring Cells

MSC BSC BTS preprocess

measurements UL and DL
BTS
MS

MS measures:
Signal Strength DL own cell
and neighboring cells, Quality
DL

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 TYPES OF HANDOVER
1. Intra-cell hand-over: hand-over occurs in the same cel
l. Controlled independently by the BSC the cell attach
ed to.
2. Inter-cell hand-over of the same BSC: involving by M
SC is not needed.
3. Inter-BSC hand-over of same MSC: Before and after
hand-over, the two cells belong to different two BSCs
which are controlled by the same MSC. All the MSC
and BSCs are involved.
4. Inter-MSCs hand-over: Before and after hand-over, th
e two cells belong to different two MSCs. All the relev
ant MSCs and BSCs are involved.

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 HAND-OVER INSIDE BSC
BSC

H/O

BTS OLD BTS NEW

In this case, BSC should set up a new link with new BTS and
assign a TCH in the new cell for MS.

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 HAND-OVER INSIDE BSC

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 HAND-OVER BETWEEN DIFFERENT
BSCs

BSC OLD BSC NEW

MSC A

H/O

BTS OLD BTS NEW

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 HAND-OVER BETWEEN DIFFERENT
BSCs

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 HANDOVER FLOWCHART
Inter-BSC Handover
MS BTS1 BTS2 BSC MSC
MEAS REP
MEAS RES
CH ACT
CH ACT ACK
DR：HO CMD
HO CMD
HO ACCESS
HO DET
PHY INFO
SABM
EST IND
UA

HO COM
DI：HO COM
DT1：HO PERF
RF CH REL
RF CH REL ACK

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 INTER-MSC HANDOVER

2
3
7 4 3
5 4
6 6
1
MSC OLD MSC NEW

BSC OLD BSC NEW

H/O

5
5
7 5
5
5
BTS OLD BTS NEW

OLD LINK

NEW LINK

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 INTER-MSC HANDOVER
PROCEDURE (1)
1 ） BSCA sends hand-over request to MSCA when
deemed necessary according to MS’s measurement
report.

2 ） MSCA sends this request to MSCB which is

responsible for setting up links with BSCB and BTSB.

3 ） MSCB sends back radio channel acknowledgement

to MSCA.
4 ） Communication links are established between MSCA
and MSCB according to Hand-over Number(HON).

5 ） MSCA send hand-over command to MS who then

handed over to a new TCH.
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 INTER-MSC HANDOVER
PROCEDURES (2)

6 ） BSCB send to MSCB, then to MSCA the comman

d of hand-over completion.

7 ） MSCA controls BSCA and BTSA to release the ol

d TCH.

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 HANDOVER FLOWCHART
Inter-MSC Handover

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 QUEUING AND FORCED
DISCONNECTION

Queuing - To increase the successful rate of hand-

over, when no radio resource is available, the applicant of
hand-over may be put into queuing and wait for release of
radio resources.

Forced disconnection - when in emergency and

no radio resource is available, some subscribers with lower
priority may be disconnected, or handed out forcibly to
ensure that the subscribers with higher priority could keep
their calls continuously.

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 BASE STATION PRE-PROCESSING
MEASUREMENT REPORTS RECEIVED BY BASE
TRANCEIVER STATION: (meas_rpt)
1. Measurement reports made by MS and reported from SACC
H:
－ Downlink RXLEV
－ Downlink RXQUAL(BER 0~7 0: BER<0.2% 1: 0.2%<BER<0.4% 2: 0.
4%<BER<0.8% … 7: BER>12.8%)
－ Other adjacent cells’ downlink RXLEV （ less than 6, designated
by BA list)
2. Measurement report made by BTS
－ Uplink RXLEV
－ Uplink RXQUAL
－ TA
－ Interference strip

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 BASE STATION PRE-PROCESSING
PROCESSING OF BTS MEASURED DATA
1. RXLEV_XX （ XX ＝ DL or UL ）
For each connection, at least 32 sampling data are retain
ed and the average of RX level is calculated out by BSS i
n each SACCH period.

2. Adjacent cells‘ BCCH carrier receiving level RXLEV_N

CELL(n)
For each connection and each cell, the latest 32 sampling
data are stored by BSS to calculate out the adjacent cells’
BCCH carrier receiving level.

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 BASE STATION PRE-PROCESSING
PROCESSING OF BTS MEASURED DATA

3. POWER BUDGET (PBGT)

For each connection and each allowable cell,
BSS calculates PBGT as follows ：

PBGT(n)=RxLevDL(n)-[RxLevDL(s)+BSTxPwrMax(s)-BSCurrentTxPwr(s)]

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 BASE STATION PRE-PROCESSING
PROCESSING OF BTS MEASURED DATA

4. Timing Advance
For each connection, BSS calculate the TA using
parameters Hreqt and Hreqave

5. Interference band
BSS averages interference on idle time-slots and
maps to five classes called strips.

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 PARAMTERS IN CONNECTION WITH
HAND-OVER

PARAMETER FUNCTION
UpLevTh， N， P upward level threshold
UpQualTh， N， P upward quality threshold
DwLevTh， N， P downward level threshold
DwQualTh， N， P downward quality threshold
UpIntfTh， N， P upward interference threshold
DwIntfTh， N， P downward interference threshold
MsDistTh， N， P distance threshold（ same unit with TA)
HoMargin（ n） Adjacent cells’ hand-over margin

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 THRESHOLD COMPARISON

1. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N upward levels are

lower than UpLevTh.
2. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N downward levels a
re lower than DwLevTh.
3. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N upward levels are
higher than UpQualTh.
4. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N downward levels a
re higher than DwQualTh.

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 THRESHOLD COMPARISON

5. Hand-over will occur if the latest P out of N upward levels ar

e higher than UpIntfTh and condition 3 is met at the same ti
me.
6. Hand-over will occur if the latest P out of N downward levels
are higher than DwIntfTh and condition 4 is met at the sam
e time.
7. Hand-over will occur if the latest P out of N TAs are higher t
han MsDistTh.
8. Hand-over will occur if PBGT of some adjacent cell is higher
than its corresponding HoMargin.

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 HANDOVER ALGORITHM
The hand-over algorithm BSC adopts is based on the foll
owing equation:

1) RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) + Max (0, Pa)

where: Pa = (MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) － P)

2) PBGT (n) - HO_MARGIN(n) > 0

BSS selects from all adjacent cells that both meets equation
(1) and (2) and queue them from large PBGT to small
ones and serves as candidate adjacent cells.

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 POWER CONTROL

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 PURPOSE OF POWER CONTROL

• Lower interference within a cell

• Save power

• Consideration: Call quality or data tr

ansmission quality be guaranteed

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 POWER CONTROL PROCEDURES
MEASURED DATA

AVERAGE MEASURED DATA

POWER CONTROL DECISION

SEND POWER CONTROL

COMMAND

MEASURED DATA
CORRECTION
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 RELATION OF LEVEL WITH POWER
CONTROL

63
Fast power control zone

High
Upper limit

Normal
Lower limit

Low
Fast power control zone
0

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 RELATION OF BER WITH POWER
CONTROL

0
Fast power control
zone
Low
Upper limit

Normal
Lower limit

High
Fast power control zone
7

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 Corresponding Relation between RXQU
AL and BER

RXQUAL BER (%) Typical(%)

0 BER<0.2 0.14
1 0.2<BER<0.4 0.28
2 0.4<BER<0.8 0.57
3 0.8<BER<1.6 1.13
4 1.6<BER<3.2 2.26
5 3.2<BER<6.4 4.53
6 6.4<BER<12.8 9.05
7 12.8<BER 18.10
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 BTS POWER CONTROL
STRATEGY
• Keep current transmission power when received level
is normal.
• Lower the transmission power when received level is
high.
• Increase the transmission power when received level
is low.
• Keep current transmission power when BER is
normal.
• Increase the transmission power when BER is high.
• Lower the transmission power when BER is low.
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 MS POWER CONTROL STRATEGY

Normal Level LEVELCAUSE = 0 Normal BER ： QUALCAUSE = 0

Low Level ： LEVELCAUSE = Low BER ： QUALCAUSE = 1
1 High BER ： QUALCAUSE = 2
High Level ： LEVELCAUSE =
2

LEVELCAUSE QUALCAUSE OUTPUT

0 2 INCREASE
1 0 STAY
1 1 STAY
1 2 INCREASE
2 0 DECREASE
2 1 DECREASE
2 2 INCREASE

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 RANGE OF POWER CONTROL
1 ， BTS Power Control
BTS has 6 classes of static power configured by network, each class has 15 levels
of dynamic power which can be configured by network.
2 ， MS Power Control
GSM900 class A MS power capability 43dbm （ 20W ）
GSM900 class B MS power control 39dbm （ 8W ）
GSM900 class C MS power capability 37dbm （ 5W ）
GSM900 class D MS power capability 33dbm （ 2W ）
GSM900 class E MS power capability 29dbm （ 0.8W ）
GSM900 power control range of MS is 43dbm ~ 5dbm ， at least 2dbm one step
DCS1800 class A MS power control capability 30dbm （ 1W ）
DCS1800 class B MS power control capability 24dbm （ 0.25W ）
DCS1800 class C MS power control capability 36dbm （ 4W ）
DCS1800 power control range 36dbm ~ 0dbm ， 2dbm one step

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