CELL

BASIC STRUCTURAL &

FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF ALL LIVING
ORGANISM
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
 SMALL  LARGER
 NO NUCLEAR  NUCLEAR
ENVELOPE ENVELOPE
 NO HISTONES  HISTONES + DNA
BOUND TO DNA
 MEMBRANOUS  BOTH
ORGANELLES MEMBRANOUS &
USUALLY NOT NON MEMBRANOUS
PRESENT ORGANELLES
CELL
 ALL ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS
 CELLULAR DIFFEERNTIATION
 MORPHOLOGICAL MODIFICATIONS
 CHEMICAL CHANGES
 QUANTITATIVE SYNTHESIS OF SPECIFIC PROTEINS
ORGANELLES
 CYTOPLASM
 Space between cell membrane and nucleus
 Soluble & Insoluble Part
 Soluble cytoplasmic matrix
 Amorphous, Conc. Gel Different Sized Molecules Organized Structure
 INSOLUBLE
 ORGANELLES & INCLUSIONS
 ORGANELLES
 MEMBRANOUS & NON MEMBRANOUS

 INCLUSIONS
Byproducts temporary not essential
Endomembranous system
Endoplamic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, Vesicles
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
 Net work of
interconnected
tubules and sacs
 cisternae enclosed
by a unit membrane
 Rough & smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
 External surface studded with ribosomes
through ribosomal docking protein
 May be continuous with nuclear envelope
 More in cells involved in protein synthesis
 H & E staining
 Functions
 Proteins for extracellular use, lysosomal proteins & integral
proteins
 Initial glycosylation
 Synthesis of phospholipids
 Assembley of multi chain protein
 Post translational modification
 SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
 Membranous network
without ribosomes
 More tubular
 No ribosomal docking
proteins
 May or may not be
connected to RER.
 H/E Staining
Eosinophilic
FUNCTIONS
 Steroid hormone synthesis
adrenal, testes
 Degradation of hormones &
neutralize harmful substances
oxidation, conjugation &
methylation liver
 Synthesis of phospholipids
 GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
gl. 6 phosphtase UTILIZES gl.
Arising from glycogen
 Sarcoplasmic reticulum
 GOLGI
APPARATUS
 Well developed in secretory
cells
 Changes shape & location
 Series of flattened stack
 Functional relation with RER
 Polarized
 Cis, medial & Trans
compartments
 Large in secretory cells
 Helps process and package
proteins and lipid molecules
 Phosphorylation, glycosylation
translocation
 Sorting of proteins
MITOCHONDRIA
 Power house of cell
 Abundant in cells that generate & expend large amount of energy
 Variable distribution
 Spherical or filamentous
 Number, shape & internal structure
characteristic of cell type
 Present in all cells except RBC & mature
keratinocyte
 Acidophilic
INTERNAL STRUCTURE
 Two membranes
 Outer membrane
 Inner membrane
 Inter membranous
space
 Matrix
OUTER MEMBRANE
 6-7 nm
 Transmembrane proteins porins with channels
 Receptors for protein & poly peptides
 Enzymes

i) Phospholipase A
ii) MAO
iii) Acetyl co enzyme A synthetase
INNER MEMBRANE
 Thinner
 Cristae
 tubular or vesicular in steroid producing cells
 Shelf like Protein producing
 closely packed high energy
 Impermeable to ions (CARDIOLIPIN)
 Proteins
i) Elementry particles (OXIDATION REACTION)
ii) ATP synthesis
iii) Regulating transport of metabolites
INTER MEMBRANOUS SPACE
 Space between inner & outer mitochondrial
membrane
 SIMILAR TO CYTOPLASM IN RESPECT
OF IONS & SMALL MOL.
 Enzymes that use ATP generated by inner
membrane ( Creatine kinase, adenylate
cyclase, cytochrome C)
MATRIX
 ENZYMES
i) Citric acid cycle
ii) B oxidation of fatty acid
 GRANULES

Ca & other divalent & trivalent ions against

a concentration gradient
 DNA , RIBOSOMES & tRNA
FUNCTIONS
 GENERATE ATP
 CONCENTRATION OF CERTAIN IONS
 INITIATING APOPTOSIS (cytochrome c)
 DNA RIBOSOMES & t RNA
 NUCLEUS
MEMBRANE LIMITED
COMPARTMENT CONTAINING
GENETIC INFORMATION IN
EUKARYOTES
NUCLEUS
 LARGEST ORGANELLE 10-30 um
 POSITION CENTRAL ECCENTRIC
 SHAPE
 NUMBER
 BASOPHILIC
 EU & HETROCHROMATIN
NUCLEUS
 Chromatin
 Nucleolus
 NuclearEnvelope
 Nucleoplasm
NUCLEOLUS
 Non Membranous
 Intranuclear, Basophilic
 One Or More
 Site Of rRNA Synthesis
 Initia
 Contains DNA, rRNA &
Proteins
 DNA nucleolar organizer
 Pars GRANULOSA
 Maturing rRNA
 Pars FIBROSA
 Newly transcribed rRNA
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
 40 nm thick
 2 unit membranes
 Perinuclear Cisternal space
 Outer membrane Ribosomes
 Inner membrane lamina lamin
 NUCLEAR PORES 70- 80 nm
NUCLEOPLASM
 MINUS CHROMATIN & NUCLEOLUS
 VIRAL CRYSTALLINE & INCLUSIONS
 NON
MEMBRANOUS
ORGANELLES
CYTOSKELETAL FRAMEWORK
 Functions
 Structural frame work
 Compartmentalization
 Cytoplasmic streaming
 Movement
 Mitotic spindle
 Cilia & flagella
 MICROTUBULES
20-25nm
 INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT
8—10nm
 MICROFILAMENT
6-8nm
MICROTUBULES
 Hollow Tubes 24 nm
 Alpha & beta tubulin
 13 molecules
 MTOC (Alpha ring)
 Polymerization
 GTP Mg
 Polarity+ & -ve ends
 MAP
 Kinesin & dyenin
FUNCTION
 Shape of cell
 Intracellular vesicular transport
 Core of cilia and flagella
 Spindle formation
CENTRIOLES
 Barrel shaped
organelle
 Role in organizing
microtubules
 Nine triplet
microtubules
surrounding an
internal lumen
CENTROSOME
 MTOC
 Nucleus
 Centriole + Pericentriolar
Material (Matrix Of > 200
Proteins)
 Controls # Polarity
Direction & Orientation Of
Microtubules
 Mitotic Spindle Formation
 INTER MEDIATE FILAMENT
 8-10nm rope like fibre
 Non polar
 Diverse & tissue specific
 No enzymatic activity
 No dynamic instability
 Structural role
 Four basic types( Keratin,
Vimentin, Neurofilaments,
Laminin)
 Microfilament ( actin)
 Thinner shorter present in
all cells
 Double stranded linear
helical arrangement
 G actin
 Enzymatic activity
 Polarized
 Anchorage, Core of
microvillus, Locomotion,
Cytoplasmic streaming
 Essential contractile
elements
 RIBOSOMES
 Electron dense
particles
 20x30 nm
 rRNA (60%) proteins (40%)
 2 sub units
 LARGE
 SMALL
 JOINED DURING Pr.
SYNTHESIS
RIBOSOMES
 Attached (extracellular,
integral intracellular
storage)
 Free (intracellular
proteins)
 Basophilic
INCLUSIONS
 NONLIVING
 NOT ESSENTIAL
 BY PRODUCTS OF METABOLISM
 VESICLES MEMBRANE BOUND
 NON MEMBRANE GRANULES & DROPLETS
 NEUTRAL FAT, GLYCOGEN, PIGMENT
GRANULES, CRYSTALLINE
INCLUSIONS