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M.J.P.R.U UNIVERSITY

R.S.M (PG) COLLEGE, DHAMPUR ,BIJNOR

Name :- Aakansha
Sem/year :- 1ST sem.
Course Code:- AGR – 503
Course Name :- Agronomy Of Major Cereals & Pulses
Program :- M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy
Session :- 2023 – 2024
Presented by :- Aakansha
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TOPIC :- WHEAT

 Introduction :- Wheat is world’s most widely cultivated food crop. It is a Rabi (winter)
season crop. In India, it is the second important staple cereal food. Wheat contains more
protein (8-15 %) than in other cereals. Wheat protein contained in wheat includes
albumins, globulins, glutinous & gliadines. Albumins dissolve in water . The other
protein forms are insoluble in water & are called gluten. The gluten content in water is
the highest (16 – 50%) because of gluten, wheat flour is used for baking bread.
 Botanical Description :-
Scientific name :- Triticum aestivum L.
Ch. No :- 2n = 42 (Hexaploid species)
Family :- Poaceae
Origin :- South Western Asia
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CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT

 Classifications :-
1) Emmer Wheat (Triticum dicoccum ) :- It is grown in Spain, Italy, Germany & Russia. It was
developed from T.diccoides koru.., a wild from. In India, It is grown in Maharashtra, Tamil
Nadu & Karnataka.
2) Macaroni Wheat (Triticum durum) :- It is grown in Italy, USA, Canada, & Russia . They are
descended from emmer wheat . It is drought tolerant & cultivated in Punjab, M.P ,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat , West Bengal & Himachal Pradesh. It is used for suji
preparation.
3) Common Bread Wheat (Triticum vulgare) :- It is a typical wheat of alluvial Soils of Indo
Gangetic plains i.e Punjab , U.P , Bihar & parts of Rajasthan. Bulk of India crop consists of
this type.
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Cont….

4) Indian dwarf Wheat (Triticum spherococcum) :- This is found in limited areas of

M.P , U.P. They are characterized by very short & compact heads having shorter
grains. This belongs to the club wheat of western countries.
5) Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum):- This is the type presently grown in India in
almost all the wheat growing zones. It is introduced in India by Dr. N.E Borlaug
of Mexico & called as Mexican dwarf wheat.
 Distribution :- India is the 2nd largest, wheat producing country after China . In
India, it is cultivated in U.P , Punjab, Haryana , M.P , Rajasthan & Bihar. Uttar
Pradesh is the largest wheat producing state in India.
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Macaroni Wheat Bread Wheat

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NUTRITIONAL VALUE PER 100 GM

Energy :-
1,368 kj (327)

Proteins :- Carbohydrate
12.61 s :- 71.18 gm

Fat :- 1.54 gm Sugar :- 0.41

Dietary
fiber :- 12.2
gm
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VITAMINS & MINERALS

VITAMINS Quantity MINERALS QUANTITY

Thiamine (Vit. B1) 0.383 mg (33%) Calcium 29 mg (35%)
Riboflavin (Vit. B2) 0.115 mg (10%) Magnesium 126 mg (35%)
Niacin (Vit. B3) 5.464 mg (36%) Manganese 3.985 mg (190%)
Pantothenic Acid (Vit. B5) 0.954 mg (19%) Phosphorus 288 mg (41%)
Vit. B6 0.3 mg (23%) Potassium 363 mg (8%)
Folate (Vit B9) 38 mg (10%) Sodium 2mg (0%)
Vit. E 1.01 mg (7%) Zinc 2.65 mg (28%)
Vit. K 1.9 mg (2%)
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NUTRITIVE VALUE OF WHEAT GRAIN

COMPONENT % in GRAIN % in FLOUR

Moisture 9 – 18 13 – 15
Protein 8 – 15 8 – 13
Cellulose (Fiber) 2 – 2.5 0.2
Oil & Fat 1.5 0.8 – 1.5
Mineral matter 1.5 – 2 0.3 – 0.5
Carbohydrates 62 – 71 65 – 70
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MORPHOLOGY

 Introduction :- The wheat flower does not have petals or sepals . Each female flower
consists of an ovary from which two styles emerge ending with two feathery stigmas
each .
 The male flowers have three stamens that are generally gold or green in colour.
 Wheat generally self – pollinates.
 Each wheat flower is covered by an outer glume called lemma & an inner glume called
palea. Lemma is larger than the palea.
 Three to five such flowers, attached alternately to opposite sides of central axis or
rachilla & subtended by two empty scales, make up the spikelet.
 Each spikelets of wheat is called Ear.
Morphology 10
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Cont…..

 The entire inflorescence, usually consisting of 15 – 20 spikelets is called a spike or a

head of wheat.
 A grain of wheat is on average between 5 – 9 mm in length and 30 – 50 mg in
weight.

 Grain :- The grain has a single cotyledon and when dissected can be divided into
three main parts .

Bran Endosperm Germ (Wheat Germ)

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Cont…..

Grain
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Cont…..

A. Bran :- The outer layer or the seed covering is called the wheat bran & protects
the main part of the kernel . The bran comprise about 15 % of the seed weight.
Bran can be further divided into the pericarp which consists of epidermis ,
hypodermis, cross layer, tube cells , seed coats, & hyaline layer. The bran is
source of protein, large quantities of the three major B – Vitamins , trace
minerals & dietary fibre.
B. Endosperm :- Endosperm is the main part of the seed & it accounts for 80% of
the seed weight . It consists of starchy endosperm & endosperm cell. This layer
contains the greatest share of the Protein, Carbohydrates & Iron as well as the
major B – Vitamins, such as Riboflavin, Niacin & Thiamine
C. Germ :- The germ lies at one end of the seed & is a tiny kernel. The germ is
responsible for germination when planted in soil. It is a rich source of B –
complex vitamins, oil, Vitamin E & natural plant fat
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USES OF WHEAT

 Wheat is used as food, feed, seed & as a processed commodity for uses such as fuel.
 Wheat contains a protein called gluten which is necessary for the basic structure in forming the dough system
for bread, rolls & other baked goods.
 Wheat is milled to produce flour.
 Many of the foods we consume on a daily basis such as bread, cookies, cake, crackers, pasta, flour tortillas &
noodles etc, are all made from wheat flour.
 Wheat is used for cattle, poultry & other livestock feed.
 Wheat also form three extremely popular alcoholic drinks – Whiskey, Vodka & Beer.
 Some strains of wheat are grown to produce starch in South Asia used in textile manufacturing.
 Wheat straw is used to thatch house as well as mattresses & pillows.
 Wheat is also being used for plastics manufacturing & aquaculture feed purposes for both fish & shrimp
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GROWTH STAGES

1) Pre established Stage :-

a) Pre – emergence :- Sprouting of seeds by giving rise to seminal roots & coleoptiles.
b) Emergence :- Appearance of coleoptiles from germinating seeds above the soil surface.
2) Vegetative Stage :-
a) Seedling :- The young plants establish large root systems in this stage. The stage may be further
differentiated as one leaf, two leaf, three leaf & four leaf Stages.
b) Crown root stage :- This coincides with three or four leaf stage in which the crown roots appear.
c) Tillering :- Plants develop crown & branch out into tillers from their base at soil surface.
d) Jointing :- This is the stage at which the plants start elongating when the nodes start developing
above the crown node.
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Cont…..

3) Reproductive Stage :-
a) Booting :- In this stage, the uppermost leaf swells out into flag holding the spike into it.
b) Heading :- The spikes start emerging out from the leaf sheath at this stage.
c) Flowering :- Anthesis of the florets & fertilization of ovaries takes place at this stage.
4) Post anthesis stage :-
a) Filling :- The ovaries after fertilization start elongating into seeds & pass through milk,
soft dough & hard dough stages.
b) Maturity :- Colour of the glumes changes & kernels become fairly hard at this stage.
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Growth Stage
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SOIL & CLIMATE

 Soil :- Wheat is grown in variety of the soils in India. Well drained loam & clay loams are
good for Wheat.
 Good crop of Wheat is raised in sandy loams & black soils also. Soil should be neutral in
reaction.
 Climate :- Wheat has wide adaptability. It can be grown not only in tropical & sub tropical
zones but also in temperate zones & the cold tracts of the far north. It can tolerate severe
cold & snow. It can be cultivated from sea level to as high as 3300 m. The optimum
temperature range for ideal germination of wheat seed is 20 – 25C, through the seed can
germinate in the temperature range of 30 – 35C. It can be grown in regions where rainfall
varies from 25 – 150 cm/year. The wheat plants require medium (50 – 60%) humidity for
their growth. But at the time of maturity, crop requires less humidity & warm season. At
the time of maturity, the plants require 14 – 15C.
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Cont….

S.no Growth Stages Temperature requirement

1 Germination 20 – 25 C
2 Seed germination 3.5 – 35 C
3 Tillering 16 – 20 C
4 Accelerated Growth 20 – 23 C
5 Proper Grain Filling 23 – 25 C
6 Maturity 14 – 15 C

 Rainfall :- 25 – 150 cm/year

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IMPORTANT VARIETIES

 Important Variety
 North Western Plains Zones :- State of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Western U.P etc.
 Timely Sown Irrigated Condition :- HD 2687, PBW 343, UP 2338 etc.
 Timely Sown Rainfed Condition :- PBW 396, PBW 299, Kundan, PBW 65 etc.
 Late Sown Irrigated Condition :- PBW 373, UP 2425, UP 2338, HD 2270, HD
2285
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CROPPING SYSTEM & LAND PREPARATION

S.no Rotation Time

1 Rice - Wheat 1 year
2 Maize – Wheat 1 year
3 Pearl Millet – Wheat 1 year
4 Maize – Wheat – Sugarcane – Ratoon 3 year

 Land Preparation :- Wheat requires a well – pulverized but compact seedbed for good & uniform
germination. In irrigated areas, wheat is sown after Kharif crops, hence the field is ploughed with disc
or mould board plough followed by 2 – 3 harrowing & 2 – 3 planking should be given. One per sowing
irrigation 7 – 10 days before seeding is necessary to ensure good germination.
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SOWING

 Time of Sowing :- 10th & 25th November in all the zone.

 Seed Rate :-
 Normal Sowing :- 100 kg/ha
 Bold Seed/ Later Sown Condition :- 125 kg/ha
 Dibbler :- 25 – 30 kg/ha
 Depth Of Sowing :- Since the coleoptiles length is 5 cm, depth of sowing should not more
than 5 cm & the optimum depth of sowing is 2.5 – 5 cm.
 Method Of Sowing :-
A. Broadcast Sowing :- Seeds are broadcasted & then worked in by harrowing to cover the
seeds. Germination is very poor & plant stand is often irregular, the seeds are not placed in
the moist zone.
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Cont…..

B. Sowing behind the country plough :- A majority of farmers use

this method. The seed is dropped in furrows by hand & it is called
as ‘Kera method’ & when it is dropped through a ‘pora’, a specail
set of attachment with local plough, it is called Pora Method. In
this method seeds are dropped at 5 – 6 cm depth.
C. Drilling :- Seeds are sown by seed drill or fertiseed drill. It ensure
uniform depth of sowing , proper placement of fertilizers & good
germination
D. Zero – till – ferti – seed – drill.
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Cont…..

 Seed rate of Wheat under various sowing methods

Method Of Sowing Seed Rate (Kg / ha)

Line Sowing behind plough 90 – 100
Sowing by Kera/Pora Method 80 – 100
Sowing by dibbling 25 – 30
Late sowing by seed drill 125 – 155
Broadcasting Method 100 – 120
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MANURES & FERTILIZERS

 Manures & Fertilizers :- Application of FYM or Compost at 10 – 15 t/ha at the

time of last ploughing is recommended.
 Irrigated Timely Sown Crop :- 120 N Kg/ha, 60 P2O5 Kg/ha, 40 K2O Kg/ha
 Irrigated late Sown Crop :- 80 N kg/ha, 40 P2O5 kg/ha, 20 K2O kg/ha
 Rainfed Crop :- 60 N kg/ha, 30 P2O5 kg/ha , 20 K2O kg/ha
 ZnSO4 :- 25 kg/ha
 Note :- Half of N & full quantity of P2O5, K2O & ZnSO4 should be drilled about 5
cm below the seed at the sowing the remain of half N should be top dressed at
first irrigation.
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IRRIGATION

S.no Stages Days

1 Crown Root Initiation (CRI) 21 – 25 days
2 Tillering 45 – 60 days
3 Jointing 70 – 75 day
4 Flowering 90 – 95 days
5 Milky Stage 110 – 115 days
6 Dough Stage 120 – 125 days

 Of these, irrigation at CRI stage is the most important & delay of every day results in
reduction of 1.4% grain yield/day. It has also been noticed that if any of the following
irrigation is delayed or missed, the yield is reduced to the extent of 5 – 10 kg/ha.
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WEED

 Weed :- Bathua, Canary grass (Phalaris minor), Wild oat (Avena fatua) are common
weed in wheat crop.
 Control Measures :-
 Hand weeding is recommended before 20 – 25 DAS
 Use of herbicides becomes handy Dicots can be controlled by 2,4 – D 72% a.i 700 ml
mixed in 400 – 600 litter water for spray after 30 – 35 days after sowing.
 To control Phalaris minor spray Isoproturan 50% WP @ of 1.5 kg/ha in 600 – 800
litter water 30 – 35 days after Sowing
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Phalaris minor

Cyperus rotundus

Avena fatua
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DISEASE

 Disease :- Rust , Loose Smut, Karnal bunt , Powdery Mildew , Alternaria Blight, Ear Cockle etc.
 Description Of Rust :- Rust are caused by three different species of fungus Puccinia. Brown & yellow
rusts are particularly important in major wheat growing areas of the north – western part of the
country.
A. Brown Rust :- This rust is caused by fungus known as Puccinia recondite tritici.
 Symptoms :- The small, round – oval uredial pustules of brown rust develop mainly on the leaves but
in severe attacks, these appear on the sheath & stem as well.
B. Yellow Rust :- This rust is caused by fungus known as Puccinia Striiformis.
 Symptoms :- In the mild attack of this rust , uredia are formed chiefly on the leaves, but in case of
severe attack, these appear on leaf sheaths, stalk & glumes as well.
C. Black Rust :- This rust is caused by fungus known as Puccinia graminis tritici.
 Symptoms :- The uredial pustules occur on stem, leaf sheath, leaves & earheads but the stem is often
most severely affected.
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Cont…….


Control Measures :-
I. Grow rust – resistant varieties of wheat HD – 2733 , HD – 2428 , UP – 2425 etc.
II. Avoid late sowing of late maturing varieties.
III. Don’t use excess N – Fertilizers.
IV. Spray 0.2 % Zineb or Mancozeb 75 WP.

 Loose Smut :- It is caused by fungus Ustilago nuda tritici .

 Symptoms :- In this disease almost every ear of the diseased plant is covered into black powder.
 Control Measures :-
I. Grow resistant varieties like Raj 2296, K – 8027 etc.
II. Treat the seed with Vitavax @ 2.5 g/kg seed before sowing
III. At the time of ear emergence, remove the infected plant carefully .
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Loose Smut

Powdery Mildew
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INSECT PEST

 Insect Pest
1) Termites ( Hemimetabolous neopterans)
 Symptoms :-
A. Its damage the crop soon after sowing & sometimes near maturity.
B. They feed on roots, stem of growing plants, even dead tissues of plant feeding on
cellulose.
C. The damaged plants dry up completely & are easily pulled out.
D. The plants damaged at lateral stages give rise to white ears.
 Control Measures :- For the control this pest 2% Methyl parathion dust @ 20 – 25
kg/ha & mix well in the soil at the time of last ploughing before sowing.
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Cont….

2) Aphid (Aphis gossypii)

 Symptoms :-
A. Leaf rolling along margins.
B. White & purple longitudinal streaks on leaves.
C. Hooked – shaped head growth from awns trapped in curling flag leaf.
D. Heads with a bleached appearance.
E. Plant symptoms can look like herbicide damage, nutrient deficiencies or virus symptoms
 Control Measures :- To control these pests spray Quinalphos 25EC @ 1.25 litter/ha is
1000 litter of water.
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Cont….

3) Rodents :-
 Symptoms :-
A. Poor germination & chewed young plants due to mice chewing seed & leaves.
B. Stems gnawed just above the node causing them to die.
C. Seed chewed in the head.
D. Pods lopped & chewed along one side & seed eaten.
 Control Measures :- For control Aluminimu phosphide @ 1 tablet of 0.5 g per
small burrow & 3 g per large burrow.
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Termites Aphids Rodents

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HARVESTING & YIELD

 Harvesting :- When the leaves & stems turn yellow & become
fairly dry. Harvesting by Sickles by hand & combine machine.

 Yield :- 45 – 55 q/ha of grain under irrigated conditions & 20 – 25

q/ha under rainfed condition. For safe storage, grain should be
cleaned & dried well in sun for few days so that moisture of the
grain comes down to 10 – 12 %.
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