CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

THERMODYNAMICS (CHE
301)
LECTURE 4
DR. O. J. ODEJOBI
08060790337
dareodejobi@oauife.edu.ng
Application of First Law to Simple System
• The first law of thermodynamics for open system
• Open System: Matter crosses the system boundary

At steady state

Therefore

Example
Solution
Assumptions:
• No heat loss to the surrounding means the system is insulated. Hence
• It also means that the system is close.
• Mass of the system is constant
=1 kW
• Stirring adds work to the system
Data
• Work rate,

• For a closed system:

• For an insulated system: Insulation
Solution

But
For water:
Example

CASE A
• First process, i.e case A, is reversible
• Second process, i.e case B, is irreversible

• In both cases, we are expanding the gas. Final case will be and in both cases.
Solution
• Work is a path function. In both cases we are following different
paths.
• Path A is reversible while path B is irreversible
• CASE A: Reversible Process
Work done in reversible process

Integrating:
(Ideal gas)
Solution

The reversible work is negative because the system is expanding the

gas.
The work is being done on the surroundings.
CASE B:
The final equilibrium conditions are still the same.

What is different is the way we move from state 1 to state 2.

In this case it is an irreversible step.
Solution
• The weight is taken suddenly at once. Hence, the gas will expand
irreversibly.

Note that the work done on the surroundings during the irreversible
process is lower than the work done in reversible process.
Example Based on Open System
Solution
• Assume Steady State condition
• Assume change in the position in the inlet and the outlet streams is
negligible i.e. potential energy is negligible (
• Assume the turbine operates at adiabatic condition, hence heat lost to the
surrounding is minimal (i.e.
• Open system energy balance reduces to:

We need to calculate and

=0.0677
Solution

Note:

The shaft work the turbine produced is negative. Meaning the work is
being done on the surrounding.
Example

• The tank is an open system with only inlet stream,

• The tank is insulated, Vacuum

• There is no shaft work,

• The tank are in the same location,
Pf = 1bar,
• Tank pressure =atmospheric, flow stops, Tf = ?
Solution
• The equation reduces to:

From
Solution

The thermal capacity of the material of the tank can also affect the final
temperature of the tank since it will be heated up but this is neglected.