Chapter 9

Combined Stresses
9-1 Introduction
• Basic types of loading: axial, torsional and
flexural

• Stress formulas:
P
Axial loading -  a 
A
T
Torsional loading - 
J
My
Flexural loading -  f 
I
9-2 Combined Axial & Flexural Loads

My
f 
I

P
a 
A

   f a
 P My
 
yA I
A

B 20

15

 P Mc 6 M 
  A  ( I  bh 2 ) 

20  103 6(0.45 15 103  0.15  20 103 )

A  
(0.05)(0.150) (0.05)(0.150) 2
 (2.67  106 )  (20.00 106 )  22.67 MPa

20  103 6(0.45  15  103  0.15  20  103 )

B  
(0.05)(0.150) (0.05)(0.150) 2
 (2.67  106 )  (20.00 106 ) =  17.33 MPa
 o
F x  0:
2000sin(15 )
Dx  2000cos(15O )
 1931.852 lb.
o
2000cos(15 ) 2000cos(15o )
D
C
M D  0:
3
C y  264.598 lb. (6)C y  ( )2000cos(15O )  (4)2000sin(15O )
Dy  253.04 lb. 12
C y  264.598 lb.

517.638 lb F y  0:
A Dy  C y  2000sin(15O ) lb.
1931.852 759.12 lb.ft
Dy  253.04 lb.

1931.852 lb
Section AB:
C y  264.598 lb.
B 517.638 lb 3
M  (3)C y  ( )1931.852  (1)517.638
12
 759.12 lb.ft
 517.638 lb Normal Stresses
A  P Mc 6 M 
  (  2 )
1931.852 759.12 lb.ft A I bh 
1931.852 lb 1931.852 6  759.12 12
A   
C y  264.598 lb. 2 6 2  62
B 517.638 lb
 920.1 lb/in 2

1931.852 6  759.12 12

B   
2 6 2  62
 598.1 lb/in 2

1931.852 6 1012.16 12

 min   
26 2  62
 1173.15 lb/in 2

1931.852 6 1012.16 12

1012.16 lb.ft  max   
2 6 2  62
529.20 lb.ft
BMD  851.17 lb/in 2
 P
0.25P
P

P Mc A  4 D 2  0.0025  0.07854 m 2
  
A I
I  64

D 4   (0.1) 4  1.5625  106 m 4
P 0.25 P  0.05
 
0.0025 1.5625
8400 P 80  106  
  80 MPa P  29.92 kN
 8400
 P  2400  [ 12  25  6  25  3]

 180,000  180,000  360,000 kg.

M  180,000  0.5  180,000  3.0

5.0  12  (1000  15)  15  5
 90,000  540,000  562,500
 112,500 kg-m.
4.0 1.5

 P Mc 6 M  360,000 6 112,500
  (  2 )  min      48,333.33 kg/m 2

A I bh  1 9 1 9 2
  P My
For stiff members the formula    is
yA I
appropriate

For long slender members or columns, the effect of

P- is significant
 1
in
2
1
Fig.(a) in
2
1 1
A  ( ) 2  in 2
Fig.(b) P P 2 4
1 4 1
I  12 ( ) 
1
in 4
2 192
max. compressive stress in Fig.(a)
P Mc P ( 12 P )( 14 )
 max,( a )    1   28 P
A I (4) (192 )
1
 max,( a ) 28 P
  7 :1
max. compressive stress in Fig.(b)  max,( a ) 4 P
P P
 max,( b )     1  4 P
A (4)
Hw10
allow

D1 D2

Fig. P-908

ค่า z1-z6 ได้จากเลขประจำตัวนิสิต ดังต่อไปนี้

46z1z2z3z4z5z6
D1=(1+z1) in. D2 = D1(1+z2) in.
หมายเหตุ D2 = D1(1+z2) in. I1-1=1000(1+z3) in4 Area=10(1+z4) in2
เพื่อให้หน้าตัดมีประสิทธิภาพดีในการรับหน่วยแรง B =10(1+z5) in. allow=10(1+z6) ksi.
Hw11

L2 L3 L4

L1

ค่า z1-z6 ได้จากเลขประจำตัวนิสิต ดังต่อไปนี้ L1= (1+z1) in. L2 = (1+z2) in.

46z1z2z3z4z5z6 L3= (1+z3) in. L4 = (1+z4) in.

หมายเหตุ h = b(1+z6) in. b = 0.2(1+z5) in. h = b(1+z6) in.

เพื่อให้คานมีความลึกไม่น้อยกว่าความกว้างเสมอ P = (1+z5) kips. F = (1+z6) kips.

9-3 Kern of Section: Loads Applied off Axes of Symmetry

P My ( Pe)a
 
A I I

I
a
Ae

for b  h section

h (bh3 /12)

2 bh  e

h
e
6
 The maximum eccentricity to avoid tension
h
e
6

That is in designing of masonry or other

structures weak in tension, the resultant load
should fall in the middle third of the section.

The general case:

P ( Pex ) x ( Pey ) y
rx2    
ry2  A Iy Ix
u ey
ex
The position of neutral axis (line of zero stress)

P ( Pex ) x ( Pe y ) y ex ey I x  Arx2
0   0  1  2 x  2 y
A Ary2
Arx2 ry rx I y  Ary2
 P ( Pex ) x ( Pe y ) y
Rectangular section: 0    3  3
bh bh /12 hb /12

P ( Pex )( h / 2) ( Pe y )(b / 2) ex ey

0    1
bh bh3 /12 hb3 /12 h/6 b/6
b h
( ,  )
2 2
918 A compressive load P= 12 kips is applied, as in Fig. 9-8a, at a point 1 in. to the
right and 2 in. above the centroid of a rectangular section for which h=10 in. and
b=6 in. Compute the stress at each corner and the location of the neutral axis.
Illustrate the answers with a sketch similar to Fig. 9-8b.

12 kips P ( Pex ) x ( Pe y ) y
   
6 A Iy Ix
1 Rectangular section:
2
10 P ( Pex ) x ( Pe y ) y
   3  3
bh bh /12 hb /12

12 (12 1)(5) (12  2)(3)

A      0.08 ksi
6  10 6  10 /12 10  6 /12
3 3

12 (12 1)(5) (12  2)(3)

B      0.72 ksi
6  10 6 103 /12 10  63 /12
12 (12  1)(5) (12  2)(3)
C      0.48 ksi
6  10 6 10 /12 10  6 /12
3 3

 D  0.32 ksi
 12 kips Position of Neutral Axis:
6 P ( Pex ) x ( Pe y ) y
1 0  3  3
bh bh /12 hb /12
2
10 N.
A.

12 (12  1)( x) (12  2)( y )

0  
6  10 6  10 /12 10  63 /12
3

3x 2 y
  1
25 3
on x axis (y=0)  x  25 / 3  8.33

on y axis (x=0)  y  3/ 2  1.5

 921 Calcualte and sketch the kern of a W360 X 122 section.

ex ey
Position of Neutral Axis: 0  1  2 x  2 y
ry rx
ex 257 e y 363
At corner A: 0  1  2 
63 2 1532 2
2  632
on x-axis (e y =0): ex   30.89 mm
257
A(
257 363
, 2  1532
2 2
) on y-axis (ex =0): e y   129.0 mm
363
9-4 Variation of Stress with Inclination of Element

 

 
 

 Mc

I
Tc

J
9-5 Stress at A Point

Stress at a point really defines the

uniform stress distributed over a
differential area.
• The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
(Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )

 xx  xy  xz   x  xy  xz 
   
σ   yx  yy  yz    yx  y  yz 
 zx  zy  zz  symmetry
zx  zy  z 

state of stress เมื่อแสดงด้วยระบบโคออร์ดิเนต (xyz)

 xx
  xy  xz   x  xy   xz 
   
σ   yx  yy  yz    yx  y  yz 
 zx  zy  zz  symmetry
  zy  z 
zx

state of stress เมื่อแสดงด้วยระบบโคออร์ดิเนต (xyz)

 • Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of
the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
 x ,  y ,  xy and  z   zx   zy  0.

• State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.

( n , n )
• State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface
of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.
 Plane Stress

 yx  y
xy x  y
y y  x
Two methods to compute the
maximum stresses i.e., z
 y  x
(1) Analytical approach xx  xy 
z x
(2) Using of Mohr’s circle  y  yx
9-6 Variation of Stress at A Point: Analytical Derivation

A cos
A sin 
 Fn  0  A  ( x A cos ) cos  ( y A sin  ) sin   ( xy A cos ) sin 
 ( yx A sin  ) cos

 Ft  0  A  ( x A cos ) sin   ( y A sin  ) cos  ( xy A cos ) cos

 ( yx A sin  ) sin 
 Fn  0  A  ( x A cos ) cos  ( y A sin  ) sin   ( xy A cos ) sin 
 ( yx A sin  ) cos

   x cos 2    y sin 2   2 xy cos sin 

 x  y  x  y
  cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2

 Ft  0  A  ( x A cos ) sin   ( y A sin  ) cos  ( xy A cos ) cos

 ( yx A sin  ) sin 

   x cos sin    y sin  cos   xy cos 2    yx sin 2 

 x  y
 sin 2   xy cos 2
2

1  cos 2 1  cos 2 sin 2

Note:  xy   yx , cos 2   , sin 2   , cos sin  
2 2 2
  x  y  x  y A
  cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y A cos
 sin 2   xy cos 2
2 A sin 

 x  y  x  y  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2  x
2 2
 yx
 x  y  x  y   xy
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2  xy  yx
 x  y  x  y
 xy  sin 2   xy cos 2
2

cos 2( 2   )  cos(  2 )   cos 2

sin 2( 2   )  sin(  2 )   sin 2
  x  y  x  y A
Eq.(9-5)   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y A cos
Eq.(9-6)  sin 2   xy cos 2
2 A sin 

Find maximum or minimum  differentiating Eq.(9-5)

w.r.t.  and setting the derivative equal to zero

d  x  y 2 xy
 2 sin 2  2 xy cos 2  0 tan 2  
d 2  x  y

Find maximum or minimum  differentiating Eq.(9-6)

w.r.t.  and setting the derivative equal to zero

d  x  y  x  y
2 cos 2  2 xy sin 2  0 tan 2 s 
d 2 2 xy
  x  y  x  y A
Eq.(9-5)   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y A cos
Eq.(9-6)  sin 2   xy cos 2
2 A sin 
At zero shearing stress 

 x  y 2 xy
0 sin 2   xy cos 2 tan 2 
2  x  y

ซึ่งเป็นมุมเดียวกับสมการ Eq.(9-7) ดังนั้น ค่า maximum or minimum  จะเกิดขึ้นเมื่อ  = 0

 xy  x  y
2 xy sin 21  , cos 21 
tan 2   x  y  x  y 2
 x  y ( ) 2   xy2 2 ( )   xy2
2 2
 xy  y  x
sin 2 2  , cos 2 2 
 x  y  x  y 2
( ) 2   xy2 2 ( )   xy2
2 2
Maximum or minimum  (Principal stresses)

1   x   y  x  y 2 2 2
  ( )   xy 1
2 2 2 
2 xy
tan 2  2
 x  y 1

มุม  และ s ต่างกัน 45O

Maximum or minimum 
1
 x  y 1  1
 max   ( ) 2   xy2   2 s
2 2
 x  y 2
tan 2 s 
2 xy 1
 P 200
x    0.04 kN/mm 2  40 MPa,  y  0,  xy  0
A 50  100

 x  y  x  y
  cos 2(-40O )   xy sin 2(-40O )
2 2
40  0 40  0
  cos 2(-40O )  0  sin 2(-40O )  16.5 MPa
2 2
 x  y
 sin 2   xy cos 2
2
20  0
 sin 2(-40O )  0  cos 2(-40O )  9.85 MPa
2
  8,000 psi

 4,000 psi
 6,000 psi

 x  4,000 psi
 y   8,000 psi
 xy   6,000 psi

1   x   y  x   y 2 2 4000  (8000) 4000  (8000) 2

   ( )     ( )  (6000)2
2 2 2
xy
2 2
 2000  (6000) 2  (6000) 2  10485.3, 6485.3 psi
  x  y  x  y
  cos 2(30O )   xy sin 2(30O )
2 2
4000  (8000) 4000  (8000)
  cos 2(30O )  (6000)  sin 2(30O )  6,196.15 psi
2 2

 x  y
 sin 2   xy cos 2
2

4000  (8000)
 sin 2(30O )  ( 6000)  cos 2(30O )  2196.15 psi
2

 6,196.15 psi

30o
 2,196.15 psi
4,000 psi

8,000 psi 6,000 psi

 9-7 Variation of Stress at A Point: Mohr’s Circle
Otto Mohr (1882)

 x  y  x  y
Eq.(9-5)   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y
Eq.(9-6)  sin 2   xy cos 2
2

Eq.(a)2 + Eq.(b)2
Rule for Applying Mohr Circle to Combined Stresses

is
ax
x-
( x , xy )

(0, 0) 

( y ,  xy )
is
ax
y-
 

is
ax
x-
( x , xy )

(0, 0) 
C

( y ,  xy )
is
ax
y-
 

n-a

is
x

ax
is
( n , n )

x-
( x , xy )
R
n
 (0, 0)


n C

( y ,  xy )
is
ax
y-
 

n-a

is
x

ax
is
( n , n )

x-
( x , xy )
R
n
 (0, 0)


n C

( y ,  xy )
is
ax
y-
 
(C , max )

is
ax
x-
( x , xy )
R
( 2 , 0)    

( 1 , 0) 
C

( y ,  xy )

is
ax
y-
 x  y  xy
C  (C , 0)  ( , 0) 1  C  R sin 21  or
2 R
2  C  R
2 xy
 x  y tan 21 =
R ( ) 2   xy2  max  R  x  y
2
2 2  180o  21
 ( x , xy )

( y ,  xy )
 

y-
ax
s i
(8000, 6000)

R
( 2 , 0) C ( 1 , 0) 
 
(2000, 0)
 x  y
C  (C , 0)  ( , 0) (4000, 6000)
2

x-
8000  4000

ax
( , 0)  (2000, 0)

i s
2  xy 6000
sin 21  
 x  y 4000  8000 2 R 6000 2
R ( ) 2   xy2  ( )  6000 2  6000 2 psi
2 2 2
1 1  22.5O

22.5
 1 ,  2  C  R  2000  6000 2  4485.3, 10485.3 psi
1
 

y-
ax
i s
(8000, 6000)
( 30o , 30o )
R
( 2 , 0) C ( 1 , 0) 

(2000, 0)
( 120o , 120o ) 

(4000, 6000)
 30  C  R cos(15o )

x-
ax
o

si
 2000  6000 2 cos(15o )  6196.15 psi
 30  R sin(15o )  6000 2 sin(15o )  2196.15 psi
o

10196.15
 120  C  R cos(15o )
o
6196.15
2196.15   2000  6000 2 cos(15o )  10196.15 psi
30 2196.15
 120   R sin(15o )  6000 2 sin(15o )  2196.15 psi
o
9-8 Absolute Maximum Shearing Stress
 2
1

 2
1
x

 2 Rz 1
1   2
Rz 
2
Mohr’s circle: Rotation around z-axis
  2
Rx 1

Mohr’s circle: Rotation around x-axis

2
Rx 
2

Ry
1
Ry 
2
Mohr’s circle: Rotation around y-axis
  2
1

 2
1
x

1   2 1 2
Rz  Ry  Rx 
2 2 2

Rz Ry
Rx
Absolute maximum shearing stress for plane
stress is equal to the largest of the following three
values  2
1   2 1 2 1
Rz  , Rz  , Rx 
2 2 2

Ry

Rx Rz

Mohr’s circles for plane stress

Absolute maximum shearing stress for general
state of stress is equal to the largest of the
following three values  2
1   2 1   3 2 3 1
Rz  , Rz  , Rx 
2 2 2
z 3

Ry

Rx Rz

Mohr’s circles for general

state of stress
  
Maximum in-plane shearing stress =

1   2 50  20
   15 ksi
2 2

Absolute maximum shearing stress is the largest of

1   2 50  20
  15 ksi,
2 2
1 50
  25 ksi,
2 2
2 20
  10 ksi,
2 2
Ex.  x  50

 
Maximum in-plane shearing stress =

1   2 50  20
   35 ksi 
2 2

Absolute maximum shearing stress is the largest of

 (ksi)
1   2 50  20
  35 ksi,
2 2
1 50
  25 ksi, Ry Rz
2 2  1 =-50 Rx  2 =20
 (ksi)
2 20
  10 ksi,
2 2
Hw17 the figure

( สำหรับข้อนี้ให้คำนวณ ค่า absolute maximum shearing stress ด้วย

โดยกำหนดให้ z = 0 ) ค่า z1-z3 ได้จากเลขประจำตัวนิสิต ดังต่อไปนี้ 46xxxz1z2z3

10( z2  1) MPa

10( z1  1) MPa

10( z3  1) MPa
9-9 Application of Mohr’s Circle to Combined Loadings

Combined Loadings Combined stresses

(axial, torsional, flexural)


Mohr’s Circle

y -a x
 max
Design Criteria,  allow ,  allow

is
(0, )

2 1 

Principal stresses and,

( ,  )

x -a x
Maximum shearing stress

is
2 1
1
 2 s

 max
2

1 2 1  max
Stress Trajectories

Tc
 max  
J
 2
2 1
 
1

Tc
1 
J
Torsional Failure Modes

• Ductile materials generally fail in

shear. Brittle materials are weaker
in tension than shear.

Tc Tc
 max  1 
J J

• A ductile specimen breaks along a

plane of maximum shear

45o • A brittle specimen breaks along

planes perpendicular to 1
Stress Trajectories
for Torsion

Tc Tc
 max  1 
J J

Stress Trajectories: lines of

principal stress direction but
of variable stress intensity
Stress Trajectories for Beam

My VQ
 
I Ib 

y -a x
 max

is
(0, )

2 1 

Mohr’s Circle
( ,  )
x- ax
is
  D4  (0.1) 4
I   1.5625  106  m 4
64 64

 D4  (0.1) 4
J   3.125  106  m 4
32 32

D  100 mm
  80 MPa
  100 MPa
M  2500 N.m

Mc (2500 )(0.05)
   8  10 7
N/m 2
 80 MPa
I 1.5625  10 
6

Tc T (0.05) 1.6 106 1.6T

   T( ) N/m 2
 MPa
J 3.125  106   
 
80 MPa
Mohr’s Circle
 max
(0, 1.6T
 )
1.6T
MPa

C  40 MPa 2 (40,0) 1 
C
1.6T
 max  R  402  ( ) 2  80 MPa

(80,  1.6 T )
1.6T
 1  C  R  40  402  ( )2  100 MPa


P  2 f  T
1.6T 2
402  ( )  60 MPa

P  2 (30)(87.81)

T  87.81 N.m P  16,551.8 watt

  r4  r4
I , J
4 2

Mc 4M
  3
I r
Tc 2T
  3
I r
 4M 
 r3
Mohr’s Circle
 max
(0, 2T
 r3
)
2T
 r3
2 (40,0) 1 
C

( 4 Mr 3 ,  2rT3 )
C  2 M /( r 3 )

2M 2 2T 2 2
 max  R  ( )  ( )  M 2
 T 2

 r3  r3  r3

1  C  R 
2
 r3
M  M 2
 T 2

 900  12
If T  900 lb-ft   10.8 kips-in  max  10 ksi
1000
600  12  max  16 ksi
M  600 lb-ft   7.2 kips-in
1000

2
 max  M 2
 T 2

 r3
2 8.263
 3 7.22  10.82  3 ksi  10 ksi r  0.938 in.
r r

1 
2
 r3

M  M 2
 T 2

2

 3 7.2  7.22  10.82 
r

12.847
r 3
ksi  16 ksi r  0.929 in.
 750 N.m
2500 N
2500 N
3750 N
4000 N
750 N.m
750 N.m 2875 N 2500 N
2500 N
1250 N 3750 N
1500 N.m
4000 N

3625 N 750 N.m 2875 N

1250 N
1500 N.m

3625 N
 750 N.m
2500 N 4000 N 2500 N
2500 N 750 N.m
3750 N 750 N.m
4000 N 1500 N.m

750 N.m 2875 N 3625 N 2875 N

1m 2m 1m 2m
1250 N
1500 N.m
3625 N.m

2875 N.m
3625 N

BMzD
2500 N
750 N.m 750 N.m 1500 N.m
1500 N.m 750 N.m
1250 N 4m 3750 N 2m TMD

BMyD

1250 N.m

3750 N.m
5000 N.m
 3625 N.m
750 N.m
2500 N E 2875 N.m
2500 N D
3750 N
BMzD
4000 N C

B 750 N.m 2875 N

1250 N A BMyD
1500 N.m
1250 N.m

3625 N 3750 N.m

5000 N.m

| M | M z2  M y2
4725.2 N.m 5000 N.m
My
3834.5 N.m
Mz
|M|
A B C D E

Cross section of solid shaft

1500 N.m
and the resultant moment 750 N.m

TMD
 From Prob. 951 and this 4M 
Mohr’s Circle

y-ax
problem.
2 3625 N.m
 max 
2
M  T 2  70 MPa  r3


is
r 3
(0, )
max
2875 N.m

1 
2
 r3
M  2

M  T 2  120 MPa 2T
 r3 2 1
BMzD

At section C
BMyD
2
 max  4725.2 2
 1500 2
 1000 mm  70 MPa 1250 N.m
r 3
( ,  )

x -a x
r  35.6 mm 3750 N.m

is
5000 N.m

1 
2
r 3  
4725.2  4725.22  15002  1000  120 MPa
4725.2 N.m 5000 N.m
r  37.2 mm
3834.5 N.m

At section D
|M|
2 A B C D E
 max  50002  7502  1000 mm  70 MPa
r 3

r  35.8 mm
1500 N.m
750 N.m
2
 
 1  3 5000  5000 2  750 2 1000  120 MPa
r TMD

r  37.7 mm r ≥ 37.7 mm
state of stress on
the element on the
surface of vessel
  1  67.5  R
 2  67.5  R
   x  y 
2

R2      xy
2
 2 


R 2  22.52   xy2  32.52

Absolute maximum shearing stress  50 MPa  xy2  32.52  22.52  550
| 1   2 |  xy  23.45 MPa
 R  50 MPa
2
Tc
|  1 | 67.5  R  23.45 MPa
  50 MPa R  32.5 MPa J
2 2
T (455 mm)
|  2 | 67.5  R  23.45 MPa
  50 MPa 
2 2 9204  9004 
32
T  301.8 kN.m
 20 mm 20 mm
40 mm
A
120 mm N.A.
Q  (20  40)  40
20 1203 =3.2 104 mm 3
I =2.88 106 mm 4
12

V  30 kN 250 mm
P My 40 7500  20
   
A I 20  120 2.88  106
P  40 kN
 68.75 MPa

M  7500 kN.mm VQ 30  3.2  104

  16.67 MPa
I b 2.88  106  20
 V  30 kN 250 mm
P Mc 40 7500  20
   
A I 20  120 2.88  106
P  40 kN
 68.75 MPa

M  7500 kN.mm VQ 30  3.2  104

  16.67 MPa
I b 2.88  106  20

C  (C , 0)  (
 x  y
, 0)  Mohr’s Circle at point A

x-axis
2
68.75  0
(
2
, 0)  (34.375, 0)  max (68.75,16.67)

 x  y
R ( ) 2   xy2
2

 (
68.75 2
)  16.67 2  38.20 MPa
2 C 2 1 
2 (34.375,0)

 1 ,  2  C  R  34.375  38.20
 72.578, 3.825 MPa (0,16.67)
72.58 3.83

 xy
is
16.67
sin 2  
y-ax


12.94
R 38.20
  12.94O 3.83 72.58
 20 mm 20 mm

120 mm N.A.
B
40 mm
20 1203 Q  (20  40)  40
I =2.88 106 mm 4
12 =3.2 104 mm 3

V  30 kN 300 mm
P My 40 9000  ( 20)
   
A I 20  120 2.88 106
P  40 kN
 45.83 MPa

M  9000 kN.mm VQ 30  3.2  104

  16.67 MPa
I b 2.88  106  20
 V  30 kN 300 mm

  45.83 MPa
P  40 kN

  16.67 MPa
M  9000 kN.mm

 x  y Mohr’s Circle at point B

C  (C , 0)  (
2
, 0)

45.83  0
( , 0)  (22.915, 0)
2 x -a
xi s
 x  y
R ( ) 2   xy2 (45.83,16.67)
2
60o
(22.915,0) 
45.83 2 C 36.06 o

 ( )  16.67 2  28.34 MPa

2 (0,16.67)
 xy 16.67 (48.81, 11.51) y -a
sin 2   2  36.03O xi s
R 28.34

 30  C  R cos (60o  36.03o )

0
48.81 MPa
 22.915  28.34cos(23.97 o ) 45.83 MPa 11.51 MPa
 48.81 MPa

 30  28.34sin (23.97 o )  11.51 MPa

0
  16.67 MPa
Hw18

L1

L2

1.2D L3

L4
1.2D
D

ค่า z1-z5 ได้จากเลขประจำตัวนิสิต ดังต่อไปนี้ 46xz1z2z3z4z5

L1= 4(1+z1) in. L2 = 4(1+z2) in.
L3= 4(1+z3) in. L4 = 4(1+z4) in.
D = 4(1+z5) in.
Hw19

Also find the maximum shearing stress at point A. Show your results on a
complete sketch of a differential element.

P
L

ค่า z1-z4 ได้จากเลขประจำตัวนิสิต ดังต่อไปนี้ 46xxz1z2z3z4

L= 0.4(1+z1) m. P = 4(1+z2) kN
H= 40(1+z3) mm. W = 40(1+z4) mm
 E
G
2(1   )
http://www.kyowa-ei.co.jp/english/products.htm
Strain and deformation of line element
A( II )  xy dy
A A A (I )  y dy A( III )
A A
dy ds

O dx O  x dx O O
 x  0,  y  0,  xy  0  x  0,  y  0,  xy  0  x  0,  y  0,  xy  0

A
A

O
 x  0,  y  0,  xy  0
 A

A cos
A sin 

 x  y  x  y
  cos 2   xy sin 2 Eq.(9-5)
2 2
 x  y
 sin 2   xy cos 2 Eq.(9-6)
2
 1
2

(800,300)
 x  800  106 rad
 y  200  106 rad
 xy
 300  106 rad
2 

C  500  106 rad

(200, 300)
R  300 2  106 rad
If we use the stress-strain relation directly the same answer can be obtained
Hw20a จงพิสูจน์ สมการ (9-19) (9-20) ด้วยภาษาของตัวเอง

Hw20b

Hw21

ค่า z1-z3 ได้จากเลขประจำตัวนิสิต ดังต่อไปนี้ 46xxxz1z2z3

a= 100(1+z1) b= -100(1+z2)
c= 100(1+z3)
ปริมาณทาง Physics สามารถแทนด้วย Tensor
Order 0 = zero order Tensor (Scalar) – Magnitude (มวล, ความหนาแน่น)
Order 1 = first order Tensor (Vector) – Magnitude, Direction (ความเร็ว, แรง)
Order 2 = second order Tensor – Magnitudes, Directions (stress, strain)
… Higher order ….

ปริมาณทาง Physics ไม่เปลี่ยนแปลงไปตามระบบโคออร์ดิเนตที่ใช้ในการวัด

temperature mass  2 kg.= ?? lb.

mass
length  5 in. = 12.7 cm.
length temperature  50O C = 122O F
ปริมาณทาง Physics ไม่เปลี่ยนแปลงไปตามระบบโคออร์ดิเนตที่ใช้ในการวัด

แรง Pยังคงมีขนาดและทิศทางเท่าเดิม ไม่ว่าจะแสดง component ของเวคเตอร์ด้วยระบบโคออร์ดิเนตอื่น
y
1   0.6  y 
  P   P x
1  x
0.8
0  1 
  z   z

manitude  12  12  2 manitude  0.62  0.82  12  2

สถานะของหน่วยแรง (state of stress) ยังคงมีคุณสมบัติเหมือนเดิม ไม่ว่าจะแสดงด้วยระบบโคออร์ดิเนตอื่น

 1 0.5 0.2 
σ   0.5 3 1 
 
0.2 1 4 
 A A

B A

O O
 x  0,  y  0,  xy  x0 0,  y  0,  xy  0