Unit 1

Humanity and Wonder

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

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LEARNING TARGETS

At the end of this unit, the learners should be

able to do the following:

● Explain the beginnings of philosophy.

● Practice engaging in philosophical thought.
● Determine how to gain a more holistic perspective through argumentation.
● Recognize the value of philosophy in thinking about the nature of reality.

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VALUES AND ATTITUDES

In this unit, the learners should be able to do the

following:

● recognizing the difference between right and wrong

● exercising intellectual curiosity
● practicing thought awareness
● improving communication skills

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Lesson 2
The Mind's First Steps

Unit 1| Humanity and Wonder

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

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EVERYDAY PHILOSOPHY

Have you ever witnessed a

debate or participated in
one? What do participants
express or present to the
audience?

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Logic

The use of arguments and

reasoning are in accordance
with certain principles and
methods to arrive at the
truth.

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Logic

An argument is composed of
premises and a conclusion.
Arguments may be presented
deductively or inductively.

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Two Kinds of Arguments

Deductive Inductive
arguments arguments

deal with deal with

certainties probability and
likelihood

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Deductive vs. Inductive
Identify whether the given
arguments follow deductive or
inductive reasoning. Explain your
answers.

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Deductive vs. Inductive

Premise 1: Metro Manila is south of Pampanga.

Premise 2: Pampanga is south of Tarlac.
Conclusion: Therefore, Metro Manila is south of Tarlac.

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Deductive vs. Inductive

Premise 1: All herbivores are animals.

Premise 2: A giraffe is an animal.
Conclusion: Therefore, a giraffe is a herbivore.

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Deductive vs. Inductive

Premise 1: I have 10 pens in my bag. The first pen I took from my bag
was black.
Premise 2: The second pen I took from my bag is also black.
Conclusion: Therefore, all pens in my bag are black.

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Deductive vs. Inductive

Premise 1: All athletes work out in the school gym.

Premise 2: Allen is an athlete.
Conclusion: Therefore, Allen works out in the school gym.

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Deductive vs. Inductive

Premise 1: Annie avoids eating sugary and salty foods.

Premise 2: A weight loss diet requires avoiding sugary and salty food.
Conclusion: Therefore, Annie must be following a weight loss diet.

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Deductive vs. Inductive

1. What is the main difference between deductive and inductive

arguments?
2. Why is logic used as a toolbox in philosophy?
3. Why are human beings called rational animals?
4. How do deductive and inductive reasoning help in engaging in a
conversation?

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Two Kinds of Arguments

Deductive Inductive
arguments arguments

Valid Invalid Strong Weak

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Two Kinds of Arguments

Deductive arguments

Do the premises guarantee the certainty of the conclusion?

yes no
Valid Invalid
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Two Kinds of Arguments

Inductive arguments

Do the premises support the likelihood of the conclusion

compared to other possible conclusions?

yes no
Strong Weak
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DIG DEEPER

A fallacy is an error in
deductive reasoning. The
erroneous argument itself is
also called a fallacy. You
might encounter a lot of
fallacies when engaging in
face-to-face or online
conversations.

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 Introduction to Criticizing Arguments
Recall the arguments presented earlier.
Provide observations on the flow of
arguments using the following guide
questions:
1. Do the premises guarantee the
certainty of the conclusion?
2. Do the premises support the
likelihood of the conclusion compared
to other possible conclusions?

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Introduction to Criticizing Arguments

Premise 1: Metro Manila is south of Pampanga.

Premise 2: Pampanga is south of Tarlac.
Conclusion: Therefore, Metro Manila is south of Tarlac.

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Introduction to Criticizing Arguments

Premise 1: All herbivores are animals.

Premise 2: A giraffe is an animal.
Conclusion: Therefore, a giraffe is a herbivore.

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Introduction to Criticizing Arguments

Premise 1: I have 10 pens in my bag. The first pen I took from my bag
was black.
Premise 2: The second pen I took from my bag is also black.
Conclusion: Therefore, all pens in my bag are black.

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Introduction to Criticizing Arguments

Premise 1: All athletes work out in the school gym.

Premise 2: Allen is an athlete.
Conclusion: Therefore, Allen works out in the school gym.

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Introduction to Criticizing Arguments

Premise 1: Annie avoids eating sugary and salty foods.

Premise 2: A weight loss diet requires avoiding sugary and salty food.
Conclusion: Therefore, Annie must be following a weight loss diet.

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Introduction to Criticizing Arguments

1. How do you evaluate deductive arguments?

2. How do you evaluate inductive arguments?
3. What are fallacies? Why is it important to identify them when
determining sound claims?
4. How can criticizing or evaluating arguments be helpful in your
everyday life?

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Stoplight

STOP CONTINUE START

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PHOTO CREDIT
Slide 6: Debate Logo by DnetSvg is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikipedia.

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REFERENCES
Audi, Robert. “Philosophy: A Brief Guide for Undergraduates.” American Philosophical Association, 2017.
https://www.apaonline.org/page/undergraduates.

Smith, Nathan. “Introduction to Philosophy.” OpenStax, 2022.

https://assets.openstax.org/oscms-prodcms/media/documents/Introduction_to_Philosophy-WEB
_cszrKYp.pdf
.

Solomon, Robert C. and Kathleen M. Higgins. The Big Questions. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning, 2006.

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