Aerodynamics

Lecture 5

Prof. Jaime Alberto Escobar G.

Faculty of Engineering
Aerodynamics
UNIFORM
FLOW

V
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝛹
𝑢=𝑉 ∞ cos 𝛼= =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜓
𝑣 =𝑉 ∞ sin 𝛼= =−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜙=𝑉 ∞ 𝑥 cos 𝛼 +𝑉 ∞ 𝑦 sin 𝛼 ψ =𝑉 ∞ 𝑦 cos 𝛼 − 𝑉 ∞ 𝑥 sin 𝛼

If 𝛼=0 ,𝑢=⃗
𝑉 ∞ , 𝑣=0 : 𝜙=𝑉 ∞ 𝑥 If 𝛼=0 ,𝑢=⃗
𝑉 ∞ , 𝑣=0 : ψ =𝑉 ∞ 𝑦
𝜋
If 𝛼 = 2 , 𝑢= 0 , 𝑣 =⃗
𝑉 ∞ : 𝜙=𝑉 ∞ 𝑦 If 𝛼=
𝜋
, 𝑢= 0 , 𝑣 = ⃗
𝑉∞: ψ =−𝑉 ∞ 𝑥
2
In polar coordinates: In polar coordinates:
𝜙=𝑉 ∞ 𝑟 cos ( 𝜃 −𝛼 ) ψ =𝑉 ∞ 𝑟 sin ( 𝜃 − 𝛼 )

Lecture 5 Page 2 of 15
Aerodynamics
SOURCE/SINK
FLOW
• The flow is incompressible at
every point except at the
origin O: ( ⃗
𝛻∙⃗𝑉 =0 )
• The flow is irrotational at
every point ( ⃗
𝛻 ×𝑉 ⃗ =0 )

Mass flow through ds per unit

depth:
ⅆ 𝑚=𝜌
˙ ⃗
𝑉 𝑑 ⃗𝑠 Source Sink
2𝜋 2𝜋
˙ ∫ 𝜌 𝑉 𝑟 𝑟 ⅆ 𝜃=𝜌𝑉 𝑟 𝑟 ∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝑚=
0 0
⃗
𝑉 =⃗
𝑉𝑟
𝑚=2
˙ 𝜋 𝜌 𝑉𝑟 𝑟
𝑚
˙
𝑑 ⃗𝑠
𝑉˙ = =2 𝜋 𝑉 𝑟 𝑟 or Λ=2 𝜋 𝑉 𝑟 𝑟 r
𝜌

Vr  
2r d
Lecture 5 Page 3 of 15
Aerodynamics
SOURCE/SINK FLOW
(Cont’d)

  1  1   
Vr   V  0 Vr   V   0
r 2r r  r  2r r
 r
  r   
2r   0 2r   0
   g r     n 
 ln r  f      mr 
2 2

 
 ln r  
2 2

Lecture 5 Page 4 of 15
Aerodynamics
DOUBLET
FLOW
It is a special case of a source-sink pair
At point P in the flow the stream function is:
  
 1  2   
2 2 2
Let the source and sink approach while l
remains constant ( must increase  l 
with decreasing
l ), and denote P P
 
  l  d

At the limit where l  0 b

   1 2 1 a 2
  lim  d 
l 0
 2     
From the sketch:
a a l sin 
a  l sin 1 b  r  l cos 1 sin d   d d  
b b r  l cos 
Lecture 5 Page 5 of 15
Aerodynamics
DOUBLET FLOW
(Cont’d)
Substituting:
  l sin     sin  
  lim     lim  
l 0
 2 r  l cos   l 0
 2 r  l cos  

 sin   y
 or 
2 r 2 x 2  y 2
r
1  
V  
r  r

 cos   x
 or 
2 r 2 x 2  y 2

Lecture 5 Page 6 of 15
Aerodynamics
VORTEX
FLOW

• The velocity is constant along the streamlines.

• The velocity decreases from streamline to
streamline with increasing radius.
constant C
Vr  0 V   1
r r
• The flow is irrotational at every point except the
origin. 2𝜋 2𝜋
Γ =− ∮ ⃗
𝑉 ∙ 𝑑 ⃗𝑠 =− ∫ 𝑉 𝜃 𝑟𝑑 𝜃
0 0
Γ
Γ =−𝑉 𝜃 2 𝜋 𝑟 𝑉 𝜃 =− 2
2𝜋𝑟

Comparing 1 and 2:
 The same for all the
C   2C
2 streamlines.

Lecture 5 Page 7 of 15
Aerodynamics
VORTEX FLOW
(Cont’d)

 1   1   
Vr  0 V   Vr  0 V   
r r  2r r  r 2r
 
  0        r
2   0 2r
  g  
   mr  
     f r   ln r  n 
2 2

 
    ln r
2 2

 x 
  tan 1    ln x 2  y 2 
2  y 4

Lecture 5 Page 8 of 15
Aerodynamics
PRESSURE
COEFFICIENT
P  P
In general for any flow CP 
q

For an incompressible flow

1 1
V 2  P  V2  P
2 2
1

P  P   V2  V 2
2

1
 
 V2  V 2 V 2  V 2
CP  2   2
1 V
V2 The highest value of C P is 1
2
2  V 
2 (when V  0 )
V C P  1   
CP  1  2
V  V  C P can have negative values

03/05/2024 Lecture 5 Page 9 of 15

Aerodynamics
COMBINATION OF ELEMENTARY
FLOWS
Source

Stagnation point

 
u  V r sin     s     V r sin   
2 2
Satisfies Laplace’s Satisfies Laplace’s Satisfies Laplace’s
Equation Equation Equation

1. Stream function of the flow:


  V r sin     const
2 Vr ,u Vr , s
2. Flow field velocity:
1  1   
Vr  Vr  V r cos    Vr  V cos  
r  r 2  2r

Lecture 5 Page 10 of 21
Aerodynamics
COMBINATION OF ELEMENTARY FLOWS
(Cont’d)

V   V  V sin   0  V  V sin 
r
3. Stagnation point:
If any, stagnation point is where Vr  V  0
V  0

Vr  V cos   0 V  V sin   0
2r  0
sin   0
 
  0:
 
V  0 r r must be always positive
2r 2V

  :
 
 V  0 r
2r 2V
  
Stagnation point   , 
 2V 
Lecture 5 Page 11 of 21
Aerodynamics
COMBINATION OF ELEMENTARY FLOWS
(Cont’d)

4. Stagnation streamline:

  V r sin   
2
 
  V sin   
2V 2
  
  const V r sin   
2 2r 2
The streamline  2  separates the flow coming from free stream from the flow
coming from the source and could be replaced by a solid surface of the same
shape.

Lecture 5 Page 12 of 21
Aerodynamics
COMBINATION OF ELEMENTARY FLOWS
(Cont’d)

5. The pressure coefficient along the stagnation streamline:

2
V 
C P  1   
 V 
Vr2  V2
Cp  1
V2
Cp  1
V cos    2r   V2 sin 2 
2

V2
  2 cos      2 cos   
Cp   
  
2  Cp     
2V  r 2V r  2V  r 2r 2
V 

or,

  2 cos  C 
C C p  C   2
2V  r r 

Lecture 9 Page 13 of 21
Aerodynamics
COMBINATION OF ELEMENTARY FLOWS
(Cont’d)
Recall that:  
V r sin   
2 2
Solving for r:
    1       1 
r         
 2 2  V sin    2  V sin  
    
r  
2  V sin  
Substituting r in the equation of Cp:
 
 
  2 cos   
Cp     2 
2V       2
  2V         
 2  
  V sin    2   V sin   

sin   sin  
CP    2 cos   
     

Lecture 5 Page 14 of 21
Aerodynamics
HOMEWOR
K
1. From the textbook “Fundamentals of Aerodynamics”:
• Read sections 3.13, 3.15, and 3.16

2. From the book Bertin, John “Aerodynamics for Engineers”, 5th Ed. Prentice Hall,
2009:
• Read section 3.13.

COMPLEMENTARY
ACTIVITIES
1. From the book Munson, Bruce R, Young, Donald F., and Okiishi, Theodore H.,
“Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics”, 3rd Ed. John Wiley & Sonds, Inc. 1998:
• Read sections 6.6, 6.6.1, 6.6.2, 6.6.3, and 6.7

Lecture 5 Page 15 of 15