LEGAL MEDICINE #3

Scientific Methods:
#1 Dactylography:
• art and recording finger prints
• Intelpol
#2 Dactyloscopy:
• Art of identification by comparison of fingerprints
#3 Poroscopy:
• Study of pores found on papillary ridges of the skin
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Poroscopy:
• Fingerprinting most valuable method
• Universally accepted
• Not changeable
• Formed 4th month of pregnancy
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Practical USES:
1. Establish the identity of a missing or unknown person
2. Recovered from crime scene may associate the person or
weapon
3. Substitute for signature among :
 Illiterate
 Congenital anomalies
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#5 Bibliotics:
• Science of hand writing analysis
• Study of documents
• Genuiness or authorship
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Bibliotist:

• A person acquired special knowledge

• Handwriting expert
• Qualified questioned documents
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Graphology:
• Study of handwriting
• Determining writers personality
• Character
• Aptitude
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Handwriting is complex intercation of nerves, memory
and muscular movement
Conscious act but becomes habitual with repeated acts
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1. IMPORTANCE OF AGE DETERMINATION:

Classification of a person:
 Infant
 Child
 adult]
 Old age
2. To determine the criminal liability
3, For the right of suffrage or exercise in political rights
4. Capacity to contract marriage
5. Element by which contain crime are committed
( rape/seduction/abduction/infanticide)
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CIRCUMATANCES with EXEMPT: from criminal liability (art.
12 RPC)
Person under 9 year old
Person over 9 year old and under 15 years old
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LIFE OF A PERSON : 4 PERIODS:
1. < 9 yo: absolute irresponsibility
2. 9 – 15 yo: conditional responsibility
3. > 18 to 70 yo: full responsibility
4. 9 – 15 yo: full responsibility activity with discernment
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Determination of age
of fetus:
a. Less than 25 cms
long
• Squarefoot of the
length in cm
• Equal lunar
months
• 1 lunar = 28 days
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b.For 25 cm longer:
• Divide the length in cm by 5
• Age in months
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Determination from age
of childhood and
adulthood
• Erruption of
decidious or
temporary teeth ( 6
moths to 2 y.o.)
Erruption of the
permanent teeth (6 y.o.
to 17-18 y.o.)
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Determination of age of ADULTHOOD:
 Appearance and growth of pubic hair, moustache and beard
 Pubic hair female ( 13 yo) male ( 14 yo)
 Complete in 16-17 yo
 Moustache in male starts 16-18 yo
 Enlargment of breast in females (13 – 14 yo)
 Change of voice (male/female 16 – 18 yo)
 Change color of hair: black to gray to silvery (40 yo)
 Educational attainment:
 Menstruation: 12 – 13 yo
 Atheromatous changes in Aorta/Cataract formation ( >40 yo)
 Wrinkles of skin (>40 yo)
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Product of
Conception:
1 month:
• Ovum 1 cm long
• Weight 2.5 gms
• 2 dark spots
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2 months:
• Ovum: 4 cm
long
• Weight 10 gms
• Eyes / nose
• Anus as dark
spot
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3 months:
• 8 cm long
• Weight 30 gms
• Nails
• Placenta
• Sex organs
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4 months:
• 13 cm length
• Weight: 204 gms
• Sex
• Lanugo hair
• Hair is visible in
the body
• FINGERPRINTS
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5 months:
• Length: 22 cms
• Wieght: 450 gms
• Skin covered
with vernex
caseossa
• Dental gums in
mandible
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6 months:
• Length: 30 cms
• Weight : 1 kg
• Skin wrinkled
• Head hair
• Textiles close to
kidneys
• Eyebrows/lashes
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7 months:
• Length: 18 cms
• Weight: 1,5 kgs
• Eyelids open
• Textiles begin to dissent
into the scrotum
• Body is dark red
• With hair at the scalp
• Viable (28 wks)
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8 months:
• Length: 42 cms
• Weight: 2.2 kgs
• Skin wrinkled
• Flesh colored : skin
red
• Lanugo hair sheds
• Textiles scrotum
• Nails at end of fingers
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9 months:
• Length: 45 – 50 cms
• Weight: 3 – 3.5 kgs
• Dark hair scalp
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IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD:
1. For identification whether the blood stain is of human origin or not
2. For blood transfusion and cross matching
3. For disputed parentage
4. Coorobaorative evidence against or in favoe of the perpetrator of the crime
5. Determination of the cause of death
6. Direction of escape of the victim or assailant
7. Determination of the approximate time the crime was committed
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Blood:
Hemorrhage:
death due to blood loss without replacement
Cherry red color: carbon monoxide poisoning
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Human blood:
Reddish in liquid
within blood vessels
Four element
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
• plasma
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Hemoglobin:
• Red color
• 200 cc filipino
• 6 glass loss = death
• 3 glass = anemia
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To consider in a crime:
1. Whether the stain is blood or not
2. Human or not
3. Blood type
4. Charateristic:
 Age of the stain
 Color of the stain
 Clothing of the stained blood
 Approximate amount of blood lost
 Nature, configuration, manner, degree and condition of the stained material
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Hemoglobin:
• Red color
• Iron containing
• Globin (protein)
• Hematin (iron)
• 14-17 gms/ 100cc
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• Oxyhemoglobin
• red
• arterial
• Reduced hemoglobin
 deoxyhemoglobin
 venous
 purplish red
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TEST OF BLOOD:
A. Physical:
• Solubility
• Saline solution
• Bright red color
• Further exam
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TEST OF BLOOD:
. Heat test:
• Blood stained
material soaked in
saline solution
• Heated
• Sediments/
precipitates
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TEST OF BLOOD:
Luminescence:
• Stain on dark fabric
• Emit bluishwhite
luminence
• Dark room
• Spayed special solution
• Reaction to hematin
crystals
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TEST OF BLOOD:
B. Chemical:
No positive proof of
presence of blood
Indicates stain for
further exam
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TEST OF BLOOD:
Chemicals:
Benzidine test
Guiacum test
Phenophthalein test
Leuco malachite green
test
Saline plus ammonia
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TEST OF BLOOD:
Benzadine:
• Filter paper
• 10% benzadine in glacial
acetic acid
• 10 parts of hydrogen
peroxide
• Fresh
• Blue or blue green color
• Also give (+) in other
oxidizing agents
• Negative than positive
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TEST OF BLOOD:
Guiacum:
• Van deens day’s
• Schombeins test
• Rubbed and press to white
filter paper
• Alcoholic tincture of guiacum
is added
• Hydrogen peroxide or ozonic
ether applied
• Blue
• Potato skin iron rust and
cheese also gives positive
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TEST OF BLOOD:
Phenolphthalein:
• Kastle-Meyer
• Reagent dropped on
white filter paper
with stained material
• 10 sec after
• Hydrogen peroxide
• Pink color
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TEST OF BLOOD:
Leuco-Malachite
green:
• Leuco-malachite
green is oxidized to
malachite green
• Bluish green
• Peacock blue color
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Microscopic:
Micro-chemical test
Spectroscopic
Biologic
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