Great minds discuss ideas;

average minds discuss events;

small minds discuss people
-Eleanor Roosevelt-
 For a communicative
exchange to be successful,
learners use different ways
to get their message across
 Types of
Communicative
Strategies
 Communicative Strategies
-These are plans, ways or
means of sharing information
which are adopted to achieve a
particular social, political,
psychological, or linguistic
purpose.
Communicative Strategies
-are used to work
around problems
encountered in actual
conversations
One of the biggest sources of
misunderstandings and
communication breakdown is
language
-Francisco-
 Types of
Communicative
Strategies
NOMINATION
- speaker tries to
open a topic with
the people he/she
is talking to
NOMINATION
- presenting a
particular topic
clearly, truthfully,
and saying only
what is relevant
 STRATEGY
• When beginning a topic in a
conversation, you may start off
with news inquiries and news
announcements as they
promise extended talk
• Keep the conversational environment
open for opinions until the prior topic
shuts down easily and initiates a smooth
end.
• This could efficiently signal the
beginning of a new topic in the
conversation
2. Restriction
• any limitation you may have as a speaker
• Instructions confine you as a speaker
and limit what you can say.
RESTRICTION
- any limitation
you may have
as a speaker
RESTRICTION
- instructions
confine you as a
speaker and limit
what you can say
RESTRICTION
- constraining the
response or
reaction within a
set of categories
• e.g. You might be asked by your teacher
to brainstorm on peer pressure or deliver
a speech on drug addiction.

Strategy
 Remember to always be on point
during the conversation to avoid
communication breakdown
 STRATEGY
 Remember to always be on
point during the
conversation to avoid
communication breakdown
TURN-TAKING
-process by which
people
decide who takes the
conversational floor
because sometimes
people are given unequal
opportunities
TURN-TAKING
-recognizing when
and how to speak
because it is
one’s turn
 Primary Idea - give all
communicators a chance to
speak
• Keep your words relevant
and reasonably short
enough to express your
views or feelings.
 STRATEGY
• Be polite even if you
are trying to take the
floor from another
speaker.
 STRATEGY
• Do not hog the
conversation and talk
incessantly without letting
the other party air out
his/her own ideas.
 STRATEGY
• Acknowledge others; employ
visual signals like a nod, a look,
or a step back, and accompany
these signals with spoken cues
such as What do you think? or
You wanted to say something?”
TOPIC CONTROL
-keeping the
interaction going by
asking questions
and eliciting a
response
TOPIC CONTROL
-covers how
procedural
formality or
informality affects
the development of
topic in conversations
 e.g. In meetings, you may only
have a turn to speak after the
chairperson directs you to do so.
(In contrast this with a casual
conversation with friends over
lunch or coffee where you may
take the conversational floor
anytime)
 STRATEGY
• Regardless of the forma
lity of the context,topic
control is achieved
cooperatively
• This means that when a topic is
initiated, it should be collectively
developed.
HOW?
• avoiding unnecessary interruptions and
topic shifts
• Make yourself actively involved in the
conversation without overly dominating it
by using minimal responses like “Yes”,
“Okay”,” Go on” and by
asking tag questions to clarify information
and even by laughing.
e.g. Tag Questions
• Are you excited, aren’t you?
• It was unexpected, wasn’t it?
TOPIC SHIFTING
- involves moving
from one topic to
another
TOPIC SHIFTING
- it is where one part
of a conversation
ends and where
another begins
TOPIC SHIFTING
- introducing a
new topic
followed by the
continuation of
that topic
STRATEGY
• Be very
intuitive
 STRATEGY
• Make sure that the
previous topic was
nurtured enough to
generate adequate
views
 STRATEGY
• You may also use effective
conversational transitions to
indicate a shift like:
-By the way
-In addition to what you said
-Which reminds me of, etc.
 REPAIR
- refers to how speakers
address the problems in
speaking, listening, and
comprehending that they
may encounter in a
conversation
 REPAIR
- overcoming
communication
breakdown to send
more comprehensible
messages
 e.g. If everybody in the
conversation seems to
talk at the same time,
give way and appreciate
others’ initiative to set the
conversation back to its
topic.
 STRATEGY
• If there is a problem in
understanding the conversation,
speakers will always try to
address and correct it.
 STRATEGY
• always seek to
initiate the repair
TERMINATION
- using verbal and
nonverbal signals
to end the
interaction
TERMINATION
- participants
initiate
expressions that
end a topic in a
conversation
 STRATEGY
• Although not all topics may have
clear ends, try to signal the end of
the topic through concluding cues.
e.g.
-Share what you learned from the
conversation.
- Solicit agreement from the other
participants (usually completes the
discussion of the topic meaningfully)
 Other
Communicative
Strategies
 AVOIDANCE
STRATEGIES
ACHIEVEMENT
STRATEGIES
AVOIDANCE
STRATEGIES
 SEMANTIC
AVOIDANCE
-the speaker communicates
something different from
what he/she originally
intends
 SEMANTIC
AVOIDANCE
Ex.
“The eye was wounded”
(black eye)
 MESSAGE
REDUCTION
-the message is expressed,
but it is less accurate than
the original idea
 MESSAGE
REDUCTION
Ex. “The woman was
wearing a sort of long dress”
(to describe a woman
wearing a gown)
 MESSAGE
ABANDONMENT
-the message is
totally
discontinued
 MESSAGE
ABANDONMENT
- You leave the message
unfinished because of
language difficulty
 MESSAGE
ABANDONMENT
Ex. “She was
walking in that…I
don’t know.”
ACHIEVEMENT
STRATEGIES
 COINAGE
-the speaker makes a
new word to express
his/her ideas
 COINAGE
Ex. “House-shoes”
for slippers
CIRCUMLOCUTION
-the speaker describes
the object or the action
instead of using the
actual word
CIRCUMLOCUTION
Ex. “I want to buy…
the thing that you wear
when your hands feel
cold” (refer to gloves?
 BORROWING
-the speaker uses a
word from his/her
native language to
express his/her message
BORROWING
Ex. “I saw a ….bruha
in the forest.”
 APPEAL FOR
ASSISTANCE
-the speaker turns to a
native speaker of the
target language to
learn the word
 APPEAL FOR
ASSISTANCE
Ex. (speaker points to
his ankles) “What do
you call this?”
ACTIVITIES
1. ROLE PLAY (20 groups)
 Select 2 representatives from each group.
 (Groups 1-10 representatives will communicate
with groups 11-10 representatives.
• Draw your topic from the box.(1-10
representatives)
• Groups 11-20 representatives- Their roles will
be given by the teacher
• Use communication strategies in your role play.
Strategies & Context –indicated in the card
Audience –identify the communication
strategies

OBSERVE
• What communication strategies did the
communicators use?
• Were the communicators successful in
using the strategies? How?
Group No. Communi- Means of Effective (√)
cation Achieving Success Ineffective (X)
Strategies

e.g. Use of
1 Topic Shifting conversational √
transitions
(e.g By the way…)

2
2.CARD PIECES (10 groups, 13-14 members)
• Sorting (Group) 3 minutes
• Bartering strategy 8 minutes

Follow-up
• Which negotiation strategies worked?
Which didn’t?
• What could you have done better?
• What other skills do you think you needed
to use?
Importance
• useful for showing team members others'
perspectives
• builds communication negotiation skills
and helps people develop empathy

3.JUST LISTEN (13 groups)

1. Create even number of team members.
2. Sit in pairs.
3. One partner will blindly choose a card and then
speak for three minutes on how he/she feels about
the topic. As he/she talks, the other person cannot
speak –hi/her goal is to listen.

4. After three minutes, the listener has one minute to

recap on what his/her partner has said. He/She cannot
debate, agree or disagree – only summarize.
5. Roles switch, and the process starts again.

6. 1 pair from each group will give the summary to

the big audience.
Follow –up
1. How did the speakers feel about their
partners' ability to listen with an open mind?
Did your partners' body
language communicate how he/she felt
about what was being said?

2. How did the listeners feel about not being

able to speak about their own views on the
topic?
How well were they able to keep an open
mind? How well did they listen?
3. How well did the listening partners
summarize the speakers' opinions? Did
they get better as the exercise
progressed?
Importance:
Listening is an incredibly important
part of good communication, and it's
a skill that people often ignore in
team activities.
1. strengthens your team members'
listening skills
2. shows team members how to listen with
an open mind
One of the biggest sources of
misunderstandings and
communication breakdown is
language.
-Francisco-
 THE END

THANK YOU