CHAPTER 2

Mathematics as a Tool
Lesson 4: Data Management
 Basics Statistical Concepts

Statistics
 It is a collection of methods for planning
experiments, obtaining data, and then
analyzing, interpreting, and drawing
conclusions based on the data.
 Basic Terms In Statistics

Data
 are the values that the variables can assume.
Variable
 is characteristics that is observable or
measurable in every unit of universe.
Population
 is the set of all possible values of variable.
Sample
 is a subgroup of a population.
 Classifications of Variables

lit a t iv e
Q ua  Quantitative Variables
b le s
Varia c o d e s  number that represent
o rd s o r
w e s e nt a an amount or a count.
a t r e p r .
th t e g o ry  numerical data, sizes are
s o r c a
cla s meaningful and answer
p r e s s a
 e x l the questions "how
e g o r ic a
c a t many" and "how much“.
ri b u t e .
a t t
 Quantitative Variables classified as:

cr et e
 Dis e s
 number of days
a b l
Vari t c an b e  number of siblings
ata t h a
 D  daily allowance
ted .
coun
 Quantitative Variables classified as:

tin u o u s
Co n
a b le s
Vari sum e al l
cna
a s n y  weight
 it w e e n a
e s b e t s  height
valu if i c v a l u e
s p e c  body temperature
t wo 0 .1 2 , e t c,
0 .5 ,
like t h a t c a n
d d at a
an r ed .
m e a s u
be
 Measurements Scales

 Measurement is the process of assigning value

to a Variable.

There are four levels of scales of

measurement;
 Nominal Level
 Ordinal Level
 Interval Level
 Ratio Level
 Levels of Measurement

Nominal Level
 Observations can be named without particular
order or ranking imposed on the data, words,
letters, and even numbers are used to classify
the data.
Types of electric Consumption
1. Residential
2. Commercial
3. Industrial
4. Government
 Levels of Measurement

Ordinal Level
 Describes ranking order. The differences or
ratios between two rankings may not always be
the same.
Example
Competition Placement Level of Satisfaction
1. Champion 1. Very Satisfied
2.1st Runner up 2. Satisfied
3.2nd runner up 3. Unsatisfied
4.3rd Runner up 4. Very Unsatisfied
 Levels of Measurement

Interval Level
 Indicates an actual amount numerical. The
order and the differences between the
variable can be known. Its limitation is it has
no true zero“
Example: Temperature
 60°C
 20°C
 10°C
 -15°C
 Levels of Measurement

Ratio Level
 It has the same properties as the interval
level. The order and differences can be
described. Additionally, it has a true zero and
the ratio between two points has meaning.
Example: Mass
 80kg
 40kg
 10kg
 0kg
 Four Basic Methods of Sampling

g 2. Systematic Sampling
pl in
nd o m Sam  This is done by
1. Ra ne b y
i s is d o numbering each
 T h ce o r
g ch a n subject of the
u s in b er s .
o m n u m population and then
ra n d
selecting nth number.
 Four Basic Methods of Sampling

4. Stratified Sampling
 If a population has a
am plin g
us t er S distinct group, it is
3. Cl u s es
h is m ethod possible to divide the
T r o up s population into these
act g
int s t ers .
c l u groups and to draw
called
SRS's from each of the
groups.
 Measures of Central Tendency

 The measure that tells where the center of a

data set is located.

 Arithmetic Mean/ Mean

 Median
 Mode
 Weighted Mean
 Midrange
 A. Arithmetic Mean/ Mean

o f t h e
h e s u m d e d
 T es d iv i
a v alu
dat m b e r o f Mean
t h e n u
b y s.
a v a lu e Example:
da t
pula t ion a
Po grreou p of d at
o n .
Find the mean of data
 e n t i r a t i
e r con s i d e 2, 7, 5, 7, 14
und
p le
Sam et of popula t i o n .
 s u b s
 B. Median
Note: A. If the number of
b e r o r data is odd the median is
d le n u m
 m id f t w o the middle number.
e an o
the m m b e r s . Ex. 8,3,3,17,9,22,19
d d le n u c al
m i n u m e r i
a n g e in s t
 a r r s m a l l e Note: B. If the numbers of
f r o m t
order t or la r g e s
data is even, the median is
g e s
to lar st ( r a n k e d
the mean of two middle
m a ll e
to s numbers.
list). Ex . 11,8,2,5,17,39,52,42
 C. Mode

Example:
r s t h a t
b e
 num m o st a) 225,178,145,202,188,178,201
oc cu r s h e
t ly in t
e n
frequ
b) 118, 105, 110,118, 134,155,166,166,118
m b er s .
t o f n u
lis c) 11,8,2,5,17,39,52,42
 D. Weighted Mean

Weighted mean:

n s o m e
w h e Example: Find Jerry’s GPA and round
 use lu e s ar e off to the nearest hundredth.
data v a
o rt a nt Course Course Grade Course Unit
im p
m or e
English A 3

t he r s .
th an o Anthropology A 3

Chemistry B 4
French C+ 3
Theatre B- 2
 E. Midrange

Midrange:
e t ha t minimum value +maximum value
v a lu
 The y between 2
h a l fw a ata Example;
im um d
h e m i n Find the midrange of the following
t t h e daily temperatures which were
e a n d
valu d at a recorded at the three-hour
im u m
max interval.

v a l u e . 52°, 65°, 71°, 74°, 76°, 75°, 68°, 57°, 54°

 Measures of Dispersion

 A measure of the variability of a set of data is

a number that conveys the idea of spread for
the data set.

 Range
 Standard Deviation
 Variation/Variance
 A. Range

e r en c e Example:
h e d if f
 T n t h e
bet w e e
s t d at a 1. 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 19, 22
grea t e
n d t he
valu e a e.
ta v alu 2. -8, -5, -12, -1, 4, 7, 11
s t d a
lea
 B. Standard Deviation

o f t h e
S et at a

r ic a l d
nume e s u s e o f
t m a k
tha n t b y
am o u
the iv id u a l
in d
which e d e v ia t es
a v a l u
dat m e a n .
o m t h e
fr
 C. Variance

u are o f
Th e s q

a n d ar d
th e s t e
n o f t h
ev ia t io
d
d a t a.
For example; Find the range, standard deviation,
and variance of the given sample
2, 5, 8, 10, 15

A. Range:

B. Standard Deviation:

C. Variance:
 Measures of Relative Position

Z- SCORE
 A z-score measures the distance between an
observation and the mean, measured in units of
standard deviation.
FORMULA

 If the z score is positive, the positive score is above the

mean. If the z score is 0, the score is the same as the
mean. If the z score is negative, the score is below the
mean.
Measures of Relative Position
Measures of Relative Position
QUIZ

1. Measures of Dispersion
Find the sample standard deviation of 2, 7, 14, 22, 30…

2. Measures of Relative Position

Thank you