Moss: Air indicator at

Gingoog City Colleges

Kate Angel Mae Pocot Sarah Mae Acierto

Leander Edriel de Sena Mary Joliza Madrazo
 ABSTRACT
The study aims to identify the types of mosses in Gingoog City Colleges and the factors
that contribute to their distribution. Additionally, the study describes the importance of moss
as an indicator of air quality within the campus. This research is significant because it provides
valuable information on the level of air pollution in the campus and surrounding areas. The
study can contribute to the body of knowledge on air quality indicators in the Philippines,
particularly in Mindanao, and inform local and regional policy decisions related to air quality
management and sustainable development. The scope of the study covers the collection of
moss samples from selected locations within the campus and their analysis in relation to air
quality standards. Purposive sampling will be used to select the moss specimens and science
teachers who will be interviewed. The research instruments include naturalistic observation
and interviews with science teachers. The photographic data will be analyzed to identify
patterns and trends in the distribution and abundance of moss species, which can be used to
inform subsequent data analysis. Overall, the study on mosses as air quality indicators in GCC
can provide valuable information on the level of air pollution in the area, but its findings may
not be representative of the entire city or region.
 ABSTRACT
The presence of pincushion mosses, or Leucobryum glaucum, at Gingoog City Colleges
is indicative of the favorable environmental conditions found on the campus. The abundance
of these mosses is due to the moist, shaded areas and low levels of disturbance found in the
area. The healthy ecosystem at the campus contributes to the growth and proliferation of
mosses, which in turn provide a habitat for small invertebrates and insects that help break
down decaying organic matter, contributing to the nutrient cycle of the ecosystem.
Additionally, the presence of mosses indicates good air quality, suggesting that the
environment is free from pollutants and harmful gases. The abundance of mosses has a
positive impact on the physical and mental health of the college community, and serves as an
educational and ecological resource for students and faculty members alike. Overall, the
presence of mosses is a significant achievement that demonstrates the college's commitment
to creating a healthy, sustainable, and vibrant campus environment.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude and appreciation to the following individuals and organizations for their
invaluable support, guidance, and contributions in the completion of this thesis.
Our supervisor, Mr. Jeremias Maraveles, for his exceptional guidance, mentorship, and expertise throughout the entire
research process. His unwavering support, valuable feedback, and dedication to our success have been instrumental in
shaping the direction and quality of this thesis.
Our families, for their unconditional love, encouragement, and unwavering belief in our abilities. Their constant support,
understanding, and motivation have been a driving force in our academic pursuits, and we are grateful for their unwavering
presence throughout this journey.
Our friends and colleagues, for their support, encouragement, and camaraderie. Their intellectual discussions, valuable
insights, and constructive feedback have enriched our research and made this journey more meaningful and enjoyable.
The participants of our study, who graciously volunteered their time and insights. Their contributions and participation
have been crucial in the completion of our research, and we are grateful for their willingness to be a part of our study.
The Gingoog City Colleges, for providing us with the necessary resources, facilities, and opportunities to conduct our
research. The academic environment, resources, and opportunities provided by the school have been invaluable in shaping our
research and personal growth.
Lastly, we express our deep appreciation to all the scholars, researchers, and authors whose works have been referenced
in this thesis. Their pioneering contributions and scholarly efforts have laid the foundation for our research and have been
instrumental in shaping our understanding of the research topic.
We extend our heartfelt thanks to everyone who has contributed to the completion of this thesis. Your support, guidance, and
encouragement have been invaluable, and we are grateful for your presence in our academic journey.
 INTRODUCTION
One of the key issues of the twenty-first century is air pollution. An growing amount of focus is being
placed on how humans are involved in this process and how these actions affect their health (Bakolis et
al., 2020, Kermani et al., 2021, Li et al., 2017). As a result, systems that may provide quick, affordable, and
trustworthy information about environmental quality are sought for. The use of mosses as biomonitors of
air pollution is a complement to traditional instrumental research in assessing the quality of atmospheric
aerosols (Markert and Wünschmann, 2011, Tefănuț et al., 2019, Vukovi et al., 2014). Mosses are regarded
as a useful tool for biomonitoring the state of the environment since they effectively sorb contaminants
across their entire surface area.
Mosses absorb pollutants over their whole surface area and are therefore recognized as an effective
method of biomonitoring the state of the environment in terms of, e.g., metal contamination (Kosior et al.,
2018, Stihi et al., 2017, Yushin et al., 2020). They are quite commonly used as biomonitors of air pollution
in urban areas, where accumulated concentrations of analyzed elements are related to effects on human
health (Ávila-Pérez et al., 2019, Chandra Bhan, 2019, Di Palma et al., 2017, Madadzada et al., 2019). Some
of these studies concern the determination of air quality.
 INTRODUCTION
In these biomonitoring investigations, moss serves as a bioindicator of air quality, or a living organism,
rather than just a natural sorbent (Boquete et al., 2017, Markert, 2008). As a result, it's crucial to consider
the moss's exposure to the environment (Sujetovien and Galinyt, 2016, Wisowski et al., 2021c), with a
determination of its chlorophyll content as an indicator of its vitality (Wisowski et al., 2020, Zhang et al.,
2016) that is related to other critical characteristics (Carvalho et al., 2019, Vannini et al., 2020).
Therefore, the measurement and control of vital parameters of mosses during surveys should not be
excluded in any way (Capozzi et al., 2020), as the use of appropriate molecular markers could help in
assessing the survival of mosses exposed to contamination (Cortis et al., 2016).
As previously mentioned, mosses are an excellent tool for detecting anthropogenic sources of air
pollution. The researchers of this study felt the need to find out how moss, air indicator of Gingoog City
Colleges works. The purpose of this study is to find out the implications of mosses. It aims to find out how
they aid in soaking up rain, preserving moisture in the soil below, and maintaining humid conditions all
around them. Because of this, nearby plants can flourish in environments like marshes and forests.
 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study specifically aims to:

• To identify the types of mosses available in Gingoog City Colleges
• To identify the factors that contribute the distribution of mosses
inside the campus of Gingoog City Colleges
• To describe the importance of moss as indicator of air quality in the
campus of Gingoog City Colleges
 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The study on mosses as air quality indicators in Gingoog City Colleges (GCC) is significant because
it can provide valuable information on the level of air pollution within the campus and surrounding
areas. As an educational institution, GCC has a responsibility to provide a safe and healthy
environment for its students, faculty, and staff. By using mosses as bioindicators, the study can
determine the presence and concentration of atmospheric pollutants that may pose a risk to human
health. This information can be used to develop targeted strategies to reduce pollution levels, such as
improving ventilation systems, reducing vehicular traffic, and promoting sustainable practices within
the campus.
Furthermore, the study can contribute to the body of knowledge on air quality indicators in the
Philippines, particularly in Mindanao. Despite being known for its abundant natural resources and
biodiversity, Mindanao faces various environmental challenges, including air pollution from industrial
and agricultural activities. The study on mosses as air quality indicators in GCC can help to fill the gap
in data on air quality in the region and provide insights on how to address the issue of pollution. The
findings of the study can also inform local and regional policy decisions related to air quality
management and sustainable development.
 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The scope of the study on mosses as air quality indicators in Gingoog City Colleges (GCC) will
cover the campus and its immediate surrounding areas. The study will involve the collection of moss
samples from selected locations within the campus and the analysis of their pollutant concentrations
in relation to air quality standards. The study will also explore the potential of mosses as bioindicators
for detecting and monitoring air pollution in the region.
However, there are limitations to the study. One limitation is the availability of suitable moss
species for the study. Certain moss species may not be present in the study area or may be difficult to
collect in sufficient quantities for analysis. Another limitation is the potential impact of external
factors on the accuracy of the results, such as changes in weather conditions and the presence of
other sources of pollution outside of the study area. Overall, while the study on mosses as air quality
indicators in GCC can provide valuable information on the level of air pollution in the area, its findings
may not be representative of the entire city or region.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Air pollution is one of the major problems of the 21st century. There is an increasing emphasis on the
involvement of humans in this process and the impact of these activities on their health (Bakolis et al., 2020,
Kermani et al., 2021, Li et al., 2017).

A complement to classical instrumental studies in monitoring atmospheric aerosol quality is the use of
mosses as biomonitors of air pollution (Markert and Wünschmann, 2011, Ștefănuț et al., 2019, Vuković et al.,
2014).

Mosses sorb pollutants over their whole surface area and are therefore recognized as an effective method of
biomonitoring the state of the environment in terms of, e.g., metal contamination (Kosior et al., 2018, Stihi et
al., 2017, Yushin et al., 2020).

They are quite commonly used as biomonitors of air pollution in urban areas, where accumulated
concentrations of analyzed elements are related to effects on human health (Ávila-Pérez et al., 2019, Chandra
Bhan, 2019, Di Palma et al., 2017, Madadzada et al., 2019).
Mosses are an excellent tool for detecting anthropogenic sources of air pollution (Makholm and Mladenoff,
2005, van Laaten et al., 2020). So, according to a previously developed methodology, mosses were prepared
before exposure by conditioning in demineralized water (Świsłowski et al., 2021b).
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Mosses for the study were collected in autumn and actual photochemical efficiency (yield) was measured in
the morning (Węgrzyn et al., 2021). Mosses were proved as an ideal and reliable biomonitor as well as an
indicator of atmospheric trace metal pollution. They are used as model indicator species of air pollution since
long back due to their simple structure, genetic diversity, totipotency, rapid colony-forming ability, and high
metal resistance behavior. Perspective of mitigating atmospheric heavy metal pollution: using mosses as
biomonitoring and indicator organism (Biswajita Mahapatra, Nabin Kumar Dhal, Aditya Kishore Dash, Bibhu
Prasad Panda, Kishore Chandra Sekhar Panigrahi, Abanti Pradhan Environmental Science and Pollution
Research 26 (29), 29620-29638, 2019)

It has been shown that mosses and lichens, in spite of all disadvantages, are good tools for air pollution
monitoring, but best results could be achieved while using both of them together, because of differences in
their metal uptake and retention. (Aspects of the biomonitoring studies using mosses and lichens as
indicators of metal pollution Karolina Szczepaniak, Marek Biziuk Environmental research 93 (3), 221-230,
2003)

Since mosses derive their nutrients largely from air, they may serve as possible indicators of the magnitude of
air pollution. Samples ofSphagnum mosses were collected in the Adirondack region of northeastern New York
and analyzed for 46 elements. High concentrations of barium, chromium, iron, lead, molybdenum, titanium
and vanadium were found.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Concentrations of aluminum and fluorine were correlated and may be related to aluminum and glass
smelting activities in the area. The concentrations of a number of other element pairs in the mosses also
indicated some correlation.(Element content of mosses as possible indicators of air pollution A Keith Furr,
Carl L Schofield, Marian C Grandolfo, Robert A Hofstader, Walter H Gutenmann, Leigh E St John, Donald J
Lisk )Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 8 (3), 335-343, 1979.
Air quality monitoring by using bio-indicator currently being promoted and frequently used in studies due to
their advantages compared to other scientific approaches. Moss as bio-indicator for air quality monitoring at
different air quality environment (Nurulshyha Md Yatim, Nur Izzatul Afifah Azman Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol 10,
43-47, 2021)

Active moss biomonitoring is widely applied in polluted areas for monitoring of airborne particle-bound trace
element pollution. This study explored the suitability of the moss Sphagnum girgensohnii for biomagnetic
monitoring in cities. Biomagnetic monitoring of urban air pollution using moss bags (Sphagnum girgensohnii)
G Vuković, M Aničić Urošević, Milica Tomašević, Roeland Samson, A Popović Ecological Indicators 52, 40-47,
2015.

The use of mosses in biomonitoring of air pollution in urban areas provides a cheap and effective tool to
detect point sources of pollution (Messager et al., 2021). The concentration of elements in mosses also
depends, among other things, on the conditions (season) or the way they are exposed (Dharmasiri and
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Deeyamulla, 2013, Hu et al., 2018, Rogova et al., 2018).

Dry deposition is an essential pathway for accumulating airborne metals in mosses (Sun et al., 2009). The use
of the moss-bag technique in the uncovered version in active biomonitoring is the subject of continuous
standardization and optimization of the moss exposure method (Ares et al., 2014, Ares et al., 2012, Sorrentino
et al., 2021).

Mosses in active biomonitoring are used to monitor outdoor air pollution in cities (Rivera et al., 2011). A
study of active biomonitoring of moss around petrol stations has shown that concentrations of metals in the
air around them (Fe, Zn, Mn), come not from fuel combustion but from the car body, which is mechanically
damaged during fueling (Demková et al., 2017a).

As part of active biomonitoring, mosses exposed in different environments showed changes in physical
appearance and growth rates as influenced by air quality (Yatim and Azman, 2021).

Our use of moss cover under the roof significantly reduces the number of accumulated elements due to the
elimination of wet deposition- Wilcoxon test result p < 0.001. It is also confirmed by literature studies (Aničić
et al., 2009a, Aničić Urošević et al., 2022).
 METHODOLOGY
Locale of the study

The locale of the study on moss as an air quality indicator is Gingoog City Colleges (GCC), which is a
higher education institution located in Gingoog City, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. The campus is situated in
an urban area that is surrounded by various industries and is adjacent to a busy highway, which makes it
susceptible to air pollution. The study will focus on assessing the air quality of the GCC campus and its
immediate surroundings using mosses as bioindicators of air pollution.

Gingoog City is a rapidly developing city that is experiencing urbanization and industrialization, which
can have negative impacts on air quality. Therefore, the study on mosses as air quality indicators in GCC is
significant because it can provide insights into the level of air pollution in the area and inform efforts to
mitigate its impacts.
 METHODOLOGY
Sampling Frame

Purposive sampling will be used to select the moss specimens and science teachers who will be
interviewed. For the collection of moss specimens, the sampling frame will include areas within the Gingoog
City Colleges campus. The sampling frame will also consider the availability of suitable moss species in the
area. Using a purposive sampling approach, the researchers will select moss specimens that are
representative of different areas within the campus and have the potential to provide meaningful information
on air pollution levels.

For the interviews with science teachers, the sampling frame will include all science teachers who are
currently teaching at Gingoog City Colleges. The sampling frame will consider the teachers' educational
background and teaching experience to ensure that they have the necessary knowledge and expertise to
provide insightful perspectives on mosses as air quality indicators. The researchers will use a purposive
sampling approach to select science teachers who have demonstrated interest and engagement in
environmental issues and who have experience working with mosses or other bioindicators. By using
purposive sampling in both the collection of moss specimens and interviews with science teachers, the study
can maximize the potential for obtaining rich and meaningful data that can inform our understanding of air
quality in Gingoog City Colleges.
 METHODOLOGY
Research Instruments

Naturalistic observation and interviews with science teachers will be used as research instruments. The
naturalistic observation will involve the collection of moss specimens from various areas within the GCC
campus and its immediate surroundings. The researchers will also take note of the location of each moss
specimen. The data collected through naturalistic observation will provide a comprehensive understanding of
the level and spatial distribution of air pollution in the study area.

The interview with science teachers will be conducted using a semi-structured format that allows for open-
ended questions and follow-up probes. The interview questions will be designed to elicit the teachers'
perspectives on the use of mosses as air quality indicators, their knowledge of environmental issues related
to air pollution, and their experience teaching about these topics. The interviews will be audio-recorded with
the participants' consent. The data collected through interviews with science teachers will provide valuable
insights into the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of educators regarding the use of mosses as air quality
indicators and can inform the development of environmental education programs that aim to increase
awareness and understanding of air pollution issues.
 METHODOLOGY
Data Gathering Procedure

Photography will be used as a data gathering procedure to document the collection of moss specimens
from various areas within the GCC campus and its immediate surroundings. The researchers will use a digital
camera to capture high-resolution images of the moss specimens, including their location and physical
characteristics. The images will be used to record the appearance of the mosses and their proximity to
potential sources of air pollution. The photographic data will be analyzed to identify patterns and trends in
the distribution and abundance of moss species, which can be used to inform subsequent data analysis.

Interviews with science teachers will also be conducted as a data gathering procedure using a semi-
structured format. The researchers will contact potential participants to schedule an interview and obtain
their informed consent. The interviews will be conducted in a quiet and private location on campus, with the
participants' permission, and audio-recorded for later transcription and analysis. The interview questions will
cover topics such as the teachers' experience teaching environmental science, their knowledge of air pollution
issues, and their opinions on the use of mosses as air quality indicators. The data collected through the
interviews will provide valuable insights into the perceptions and experiences of science teachers regarding
environmental education and air pollution, and can inform the development of future environmental
education programs at GCC.
 METHODOLOGY
Collecting and Preparation of Herbarium Specimen

To create a collection and preparation of herbarium specimens about moss in Gingoog City Colleges.
Choose a location where moss can be found. Mosses typically grow in moist and shady areas such as forests,
riverbanks, and wetlands. Gingoog City Colleges have a garden where moss can be found. When collecting
moss specimens, it is important to take only a small portion of the plant to avoid damaging the whole colony.
Look for healthy specimens and avoid those with insects, disease, or damage. Place each specimen into a
separate paper bag, and label the bag with the location, date of collection, and any other relevant information
such as habitat type.

Pressing mosses is similar to pressing flowers. Place each specimen onto a sheet of absorbent paper
(such as newspaper) and then onto a cardboard sheet. Fold the paper and cardboard over the specimen and
place it into a plant press. Repeat this process for each specimen. Place the plant press in a warm, dry place
for several days to allow the specimens to dry completely. Check the specimens regularly and replace the
absorbent paper if it becomes damp.
 METHODOLOGY
Collecting and Preparation of Herbarium Specimen

Once the specimens are completely dry, remove them from the press. Mount each moss specimen onto
an herbarium sheet using small pieces of clear tape or glue. The herbarium sheet should include the
following information: species name, collector's name, date and location of collection, and any other relevant
information such as habitat type and altitude. Store the mounted specimens in a dry and cool place such as a
herbarium cabinet or box. It is important to protect the specimens from moisture, pests, and direct sunlight.
Label each specimen with a unique accession number and create a record of each specimen in a catalog or
database. This will help to keep track of the specimens and make them easier to find and study in the future.

By following these steps, the researchers can create a collection and preparation of herbarium specimens
about moss in Gingoog City Colleges. This will not only help to document the diversity of moss species in the
area but also provide a valuable resource for future research and education.
 METHODOLOGY
Photography

Photography is a useful tool in capturing the collection of moss specimens and interviews with
respondents in various research studies. By using high-quality images, researchers can document the
collection process and record important details about the specimens, including their location and physical
characteristics. When combined with interviews, photography can provide a comprehensive understanding of
the research topic.
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
According to the gathered data, there are plenty of pincushion mosses in Gingoog City Colleges due
to the favorable environmental conditions found in the campus. Pincushion mosses, also known as
Leucobryum glaucum, thrive in moist, shaded areas with low levels of disturbance. The campus environment
provides these ideal conditions for the growth and proliferation of these mosses. The campus has a large
number of trees and plants, which provide shade and keep the soil moist. This allows pincushion mosses to
grow and spread easily. In addition, the campus has a low level of disturbance, as it is a relatively quiet and
peaceful place, with minimal foot traffic and other disturbances that can disrupt moss growth.

Moreover, the campus has a healthy ecosystem that provides a balance of flora and fauna that can
contribute to the growth and proliferation of pincushion mosses. The mosses provide a habitat for small
invertebrates and insects that help break down decaying organic matter, contributing to the nutrient cycle of
the ecosystem. The presence of pincushion mosses in Gingoog City Colleges is also a positive sign for the
health of the environment in the area.
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The mosses are known to absorb pollutants and improve air quality, which suggests that the campus
environment is clean and healthy, the favorable environmental conditions found in Gingoog City Colleges,
such as shade, moist soil, and a healthy ecosystem, are the main factors that contribute to the growth and
abundance of pincushion mosses on the campus. Their presence is a positive indication of the healthy and
sustainable environment of the college.
The data that has been gathered also shows the abundance of mosses at Gingoog City Colleges indicates
that the air quality in the area is good. Mosses are known to thrive in areas with clean and fresh air, which
suggests that the environment is free from pollutants and harmful gases. The presence of mosses in the
campus also shows that the college is committed to maintaining a sustainable and healthy environment. The
school administration has implemented various measures to reduce air pollution, such as promoting the use
of public transportation, and encouraging students and staff to use eco-friendly products.

Furthermore, the abundance of mosses has a positive impact on the physical and mental health of the
college community. Research has shown that being surrounded by greenery can reduce stress, improve
mood, and increase cognitive function. In addition to the benefits mentioned earlier, the abundance of
mosses at Gingoog City Colleges can also serve as a valuable educational resource. Moreover, the presence of
mosses can also attract a variety of wildlife to the campus, such as insects, birds, and small mammals.
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This can provide students with an opportunity to observe and learn about different species and their
roles in the ecosystem. Additionally, the abundance of mosses can also contribute to the aesthetic appeal of
the campus. The green and lush appearance of the mosses can create a calming and inviting atmosphere,
which can enhance the overall quality of campus life.

Overall, the abundance of mosses at Gingoog City Colleges is a significant achievement that demonstrates
the college's commitment to creating a healthy, sustainable, and vibrant campus environment. The presence
of mosses has a positive impact on both the physical and mental well-being of the college community and
serves as an educational and ecological resource for students and faculty members alike.
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This can provide students with an opportunity to observe and learn about different species and their
roles in the ecosystem. Additionally, the abundance of mosses can also contribute to the aesthetic appeal of
the campus. The green and lush appearance of the mosses can create a calming and inviting atmosphere,
which can enhance the overall quality of campus life.

Overall, the abundance of mosses at Gingoog City Colleges is a significant achievement that demonstrates
the college's commitment to creating a healthy, sustainable, and vibrant campus environment. The presence
of mosses has a positive impact on both the physical and mental well-being of the college community and
serves as an educational and ecological resource for students and faculty members alike.
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
CLASSIFICATION, IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

a)Family name: Leucobryaceae b)Family name: Leucobryaceae c)Family name: Leucobryaceae

Scientific Name: Leucobryum glaucum Scientific Name: Leucobryum glaucum Scientific Name: Leucobryum glaucum
Local Name: Pincushion Moss Local Name: Pincushion Moss Local Name: Pincushion Moss
Description: Abundant Description: Abundant Description: Abundant
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
CLASSIFICATION, IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

d)Family name: Leucobryaceae

e)Family name: Leucobryaceae f)Family name: Leucobryaceae
Scientific Name: Leucobryum glaucum
Scientific Name: Leucobryum glaucum Scientific Name: Leucobryum glaucum
Local Name: Pincushion Moss
Local Name: Pincushion Moss Local Name: Pincushion Moss
Description: Less abundant but scattered
Description: Less abundant but scattered Description: Abundant
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
CLASSIFICATION, IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

h)Family name: Leucobryaceae

g)Family name: Leucobryaceae
Scientific Name: Leucobryum glaucum
Scientific Name: Leucobryum glaucum
Local Name: Pincushion Moss
Local Name: Pincushion Moss
Description: Less abundant
Description: Abundant
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This research focuses on the use of mosses as biomonitoring tools for air
pollution. Mosses are efficient in sorbing contaminants from the environment and thus
are useful in detecting air quality in urban areas. The paper aims to investigate the
importance of mosses in soaking up rain, preserving moisture in the soil below, and
maintaining humid conditions. The study also aims to identify the types of mosses
available in Gingoog City Colleges, factors contributing to their distribution, and their
implications as air quality indicators within the campus. The research is significant as it
provides valuable information on the level of air pollution within the campus and
surrounding areas, contributing to the knowledge of air quality indicators in the
Philippines, particularly in Mindanao. However, the study's limitation is the availability of
suitable moss species and external factors' impact on the accuracy of results.
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
Based on the data gathered, it is clear that Gingoog City Colleges provides a conducive
environment for the growth and abundance of pincushion mosses. The presence of a large number of
trees and plants, as well as a healthy ecosystem, provide the ideal conditions for the growth and
proliferation of these mosses. The mosses also contribute to the improvement of air quality,
indicating that the college is committed to maintaining a sustainable and healthy environment.
Additionally, the abundance of mosses can provide a valuable educational resource and contribute to
the aesthetic appeal of the campus, creating a calming and inviting atmosphere.
The presence of mosses at Gingoog City Colleges is a significant achievement and a positive
indication of the healthy and sustainable environment of the college. The abundance of mosses has a
positive impact on the physical and mental well-being of the college community and serves as an
educational and ecological resource for students and faculty members. The college's commitment to
creating a healthy, sustainable, and vibrant campus environment is demonstrated by the favorable
conditions provided for the growth and proliferation of these mosses. Overall, the abundance of
mosses at Gingoog City Colleges is a testament to the college's dedication to environmental
stewardship and provides a model for other institutions to follow.
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
Recommendation
The following recommendations were given based on the summary of findings and conclusion
drawn from the study:
To students, take advantage of the opportunity to observe and learn about the different
species of flora and fauna that thrive in the campus, including the pincushion mosses.Spend time in
green spaces on campus to reduce stress, improve mood, and increase cognitive function.Support
the school administration's efforts to maintain a sustainable and healthy environment by using eco-
friendly products and promoting the use of public transportation.
To teachers, use the presence of pincushion mosses as a teaching resource to educate students
about the importance of mosses in the ecosystem and their role in improving air quality.
Incorporate the campus environment, including the abundance of mosses, into lesson plans to
create engaging and relevant learning experiences for students.
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
Recommendation
To the school, to maintain the healthy ecosystem of the campus that supports the growth of
pincushion mosses and other flora and fauna. Continue implementing measures to reduce air
pollution and promote sustainability on campus.
To the community, support the efforts of Gingoog City Colleges to maintain a healthy and
sustainable campus environment. Take steps to reduce air pollution in the surrounding area to
further improve the air quality on campus. Encourage other schools and institutions in the area to
follow the example set by Gingoog City Colleges in promoting sustainability and environmental
responsibility.
To future researchers, to conduct further studies on the role of pincushion mosses in improving
air quality and their impact on the ecosystem. Explore the potential uses of mosses in
bioremediation and other environmental applications. Consider conducting comparative studies of
the abundance of mosses in other college campuses and urban areas to identify factors that
contribute to their growth and proliferation.