LLPPBPD C1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
TO TRANSLATION
STUDIES
FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
1
WARM-UP
Watch the two short video clips and state the modes of Translation in each video.
1. Video 1: LINK
2. Video 2: LINK
2
Theories of Translation and Interpretation Chapter 1
WARM-UP (CONT.)
Answers
1. Video 1: Consecutive Interpreting
2. Video 2: Simultaneous Interpreting
3
OBJECTIVES
After this lesson, students will be able to:
understand various definitions of translation by different scholars;
generalize important periods and factors in the history of translation practice around the
world;
discover the development of translation studies as an independent discipline.
4
OVERVIEW
1.1. Key concepts in Translation
1.2. Historical overview of Translation
1.3. Translation Studies
5
1.1. KEY CONCEPTS IN
TRANSLATION
1.1.1. Definitions of Translation
1.1.2. Translation and Interpretation
1.1.3. Modes of Translation and Interpretation
6
1.1.1. DEFINITIONS OF
TRANSLATION
Translation has been described in several ways by various linguists, depending on how they
perceive language and translation.
Translation is the process of changing speech or writing from one language (Source Language)
into another (Target Language), or the target-language version that results from this process.
(Richards et al - 1992)
Translation, then, consists of studying lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation,
cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and
then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are
appropriate in
the receptor language and its cultural context. (Larson,1984)
7
1.1.1. DEFINITIONS OF
TRANSLATION (CONT.)
Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in
one language by the same message and/or statement in another language (Newmark, 1981).
Figure 1.1.1 Newmark’s translation process diagram
8
1.1.2. TRANSLATION AND
INTERPRETATION
The aim of translation is to transfer the meaning of the source language (SL) into the target language
(TL). It is achieved by switching from the form of the first language to the form of a second language
via a semantic structure. It is the sense that is being passed and will remain unchanged,
just the form shifts.
Translation (general meaning) is therefore often categorized into two main types: written translation,
known as translation (narrow meaning), and oral translation, which is considered to be interpretation.
Most people assume that translation and interpretation are identical, and that the mere knowledge
of a language means the ability to switch from one language to another.
Translation requires a careful study of the message provided in the sense of a specific linguistic code and
a conversion of that message to another written linguistic code. Interpretation, on the other hand,
means doing the same thing, but orally and simultaneously.
9
1.1.3. MODES OF TRANSLATION
AND INTERPRETATION
While some of the translation and
interpretation strategies overlap, others vary. Translation
As a result, it is nearly impossible to Prepared translation
make a clear distinction between translation
and interpretation in term of forms. Sight translation
There are four basic modes of translation and

interpretation, namely: prepared translation,
Interpretation
sight translation, consecutive interpretation
and simultaneous interpretation. Consecutive
interpretation
Simultaneous
interpretation
Figure 1.1.3: Modes of translation and interpretation
10
1.1.3. MODES OF TRANSLATION
AND INTERPRETATION (CONT.)
Prepared Translation, which includes stories, novels, all other written translated texts.
Sight translation are varied from speeches, quotations, reading for comprehension, to spoken
texts.
The major difference between sight translation and prepared translation is speed of response.
Consecutive interpretation is the process of listening to a speech or lecture in one language and
then
at a certain moment, transcribing and summarizing it orally, in another language. The time lapse
between
the speech and your interpretation varies.
Simultaneous interpretation involves the immediate, simultaneous interpretation of what is
being said.
11
1.2. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
TRANSLATION
1.2.1. Translating the Bible
Translation
1.2.2.
in the East – Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism
Translators opening the door
1.2.3.
to the Modern World
1.2.4. Translation in the New World
1.2.5. The 20th century
12
1.2.1. TRANSLATING THE BIBLE
The history of translation begins with religion and eventually leads into secular culture.
The Hebrew Bible was created around 1000 years ago (1300 -300 B.C).
In order to disperse the Bible around the Middle East to people who spoke languages other than
Hebrew, the original Hebrew text had to be recited and written in different languages. Thus,
several translations of the Bible emerged.
9th century: the beginning of Bible translation into English.
The Bible is the most translated book in the world, having been translated into over 2000
languages
and dialects.
13
1.2.2. TRANSLATION IN THE EAST –
ISLAM, HINDUISM, BUDDHISM
After the spread of Islam throughout the Middle East, North Africa and Spain, the new Muslim
empire undertook ambitious programs of translating the classics, notably Greek philosophy,
astronomy and medicine.
The sacred scriptures of Buddhism were translated from Sanskrit into Chinese by the Chinese
monks
and pilgrim to India.
14
1.2.3. TRANSLATORS OPENING THE
DOOR TO THE MODERN WORLD
12th – 13th century: the most glorious period in the history of translation, represented by the so-
called Schools of Translators of Toledo in Spain. The cultures of antiquity were translated first
into Latin and later into new languages of Europe.
The great discovery of the New World by Columbus and other discoveries might have never
occurred without the transmission of knowledge and science that took place in Toledo in those
years.
The modern world as we know it today might not exist.
The Toledo school attracted translators from all parts of Europe.
15
1.2.4. TRANSLATION IN THE NEW
WORLD
During the age of the Great Discoveries, interpreters became bridge between the white people
and other races.
The European colonists who settled this continent had little need for translation, and soon
developed
an insular attitude still reflected to this day.
16
1.2.5. THE 20TH CENTURY
Translation in this century has seen some good times and some bad times.
As the twentieth century came to a close, two linguistic phenomena became dominant.
The first is the growing incursion of American English into nearly all the languages of the world,
mostly because of American pop culture and high tech. The second is the reemergence of
national languages throughout the world.
What is clear at this time is that linguistic diversity as well as a growing influence of
one international language, namely English, should characterize the beginning of the next
century.
As the twenty-first century begins to unfold, translators are standing on the threshold of a new
golden age for translation. Translators play a critical role in shaping history and helping
civilization
make the translation into the next age.
17
1.3. TRANSLATION STUDIES
1.3.1. What is Translation Studies?
1.3.2. A brief history
1.3.3. Scope of research
18
1.3.1. WHAT IS TRANSLATION
STUDIES?
In the English –speaking world, this discipline is now generally known as "translation studies",
thanks to the Dutch-based US scholar James. S. Holmes. He describes this new discipline as
being concerned with "the complex of problems clustered round the phenomenon of
translating and translations".
Translation studies has become prominent thanks to two factors. Firstly, there has been a
proliferation
of specialized translating and interpreting courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate
level. Secondly, there has also been a proliferation of conferences, books and journals on
translation in many languages. International organizations have also prospered.
From being a little-established field a relatively short time ago, translation studies has now
become
one of the most active and dynamic new areas of research.
19
1.3.2. A BRIEF HISTORY
Although the practice of translating is long established, the study of the field developed into
an academic discipline only in the second half of the twentieth century.
In academic circles, translation was previously relegated to just a language- learning activity.
A split has persisted between translation practice and theory
The study of translation began through such approaches as comparative literature, translation
workshops and contrastive analysis.
20
1.3.3. SCOPE OF RESEARCH
According to Newmark (1988), in a narrow sense: translation theory is concerned with
the translation method appropriately used for a certain type of text.
In a wider sense, translation theory is the body of knowledge about translating.
Translation theory includes the following things:
 identify and define a translation problem;
 indicate all the factors that have to be taken into account in solving the problem;
 list all the possible translation procedures;
 recommend the most suitable translation procedures, and the most appropriate translation.
21
PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks in the following with appropriate phrases below.
rendering the meaning of a text linguistic and cultural barriers
target language source language
1. Translation is the process of conveying messages across _____________. (Dr Ian Tudor)
2. Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (_____________)
by equivalent textual material in another language (_____________). (J. C. Catford)
3. Translation is _____________into another language in the way that the author intended the
text.
(Peter Newmark)
4. _____________ is the language of the text that is to be or have been translated.
5. _____________. is the language of the translated text.
22
PRACTICE (CONT.)
Exercise 2: Match the four types in column A with the descriptions in column B.
A B
1. Prepared translation A. includes an immediate, oral rendition based on a written text.
2. Sight translation B. is the process of listening to a speech or lecture in one
3. Consecutive interpretation language and at a certain moment, transcribing and
4. Simultaneous interpretation summarizing it orally, in another language. The time lapse
between the speech and your interpretation varies.
C. involves the preparation of a translation outside of class and it
is then constructively criticized by both students and teacher.
D. involves the immediate, simultaneous interpretation of what is
being said into another language.
23
SUMMARY
The term Translation itself has several meanings. Translation is the process of changing speech
or writing from one language (the source language) into another (the target language), or the
target-language version that results from this process (Richards et al - 1992).
In narrow meaning, translation is rendering a written text into another language in the way that
the author intended the text.
Interpretation is rendering information and ideas from one language into another language
by means of speaking.
Translation is one of the oldest occupations in the world.
In the English –speaking world, this discipline is now generally known as translation studies.
Translation studies has become prominent thanks to two factors namely a proliferation of
specialized translating and interpreting courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate level
and a proliferation of conferences, books and journals on translation in many languages.
24
FAQ
1. What are the differences between Translation (narrow meaning) and Interpretation?
2. What are the differences between Simultaneous interpretation and Consecutive
interpretation?
25
FAQ
3. What is the best definition of Translation (general meaning)?
26
GLOSSARY
Vocabulary IPA transcription Meaning
ST = source text /sɔːs tɛkst/ The text a translator is given to translate into another language.
(phr.)
TT = target text /ˈtɑːɡɪt tɛkst/ The finished product of a translated text.
(phr.)
render (v) /ˈrendɚ/ To change words into a different language or form.
concept (n) /ˈkɑːnsept/ A principle or idea.
Bible /ˈbaɪbl/ The holy book of the Christian religion consisting of the Old
and New Testaments
27
THE UPCOMING LESSON
Chapter 2: Text Analysis
Kindly go through this information carefully beforehand.
◦ The role of Text Analysis
◦ Factors of Text Analysis
28
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
29

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CHAPTER 1

1.2. Historical overview of Translation

1.3. Translation Studies

1.1.2. Translation and Interpretation

1.1.3. Modes of Translation and Interpretation

There are four basic modes of translation and

Figure 1.1.3: Modes of translation and interpretation

1.2.4. Translation in the New World

1.2.5. The 20th century

1.3.1. What is Translation Studies?

1.3.2. A brief history

1.3.3. Scope of research

concept (n) /ˈkɑːnsept/ A principle or idea.

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