Ethics

 come from the Greek word “ethos” meaning character in plural

“manners” or custom.

 It refers to a philosophical concept of morality, endeavors to

understand moral concepts and justify moral principles. It
analyzes concepts such as right and wrong, and seeks to
establish principles of right behavior that may serve as guides
to action for people to follow. (Pojaman, 1992)

 as an academic discipline helps us understand and adapt to

situations that affect our lives.

 Ethics as a subject for us to study is about determining the

grounds for the values with particular and special significance
to human life.
Morality
 a system of behavior in regards to standards of
what is right and wrong behavior.
Values
 describe the personal qualities we choose to
embody to guide our actions.

 Values are the motive behind purposeful action.

They are the ends to which we act and come in
many forms.
 The Importance of
Rules to Social Beings
Rules
 are guidelines of people, the law or the way
to control our movements. In order for
someone to gain control of a situation or
other people we set rules for them to follow.
1. Rules protect social beings by regulating
behavior.

 Rules build boundaries that pace limits on

behavior. Rules are usually coupled with means to
impose consequences on those who violate them,
one of the reasons people follow accepted rules
is to avoid negative consequences.
 There is a certain punishment or fine each differ
to what kind of violation or rules is undertaken.
2. Rules help to guarantee each person certain
rights and freedom.

 Rules from frameworks for society. Nations are

generally nations of laws and the governing principles
are outlined in what is called constitution. Because the
majority has agreed to follow and consent to be
governed by such constitution, the freedoms outlined
exist
3. . Rules produce a sense of justice among
social beings.

 Rules are needed in order to keep the strong from

dominating the weak, that is, to prevent
exploitation and domination
 To maintain balance and sustain equilibrium
4. Rules are essential for a healthy economic
system.

 Without rules regulating business, power would

centralize around monopolies and threaten the strength
and competitiveness of the system. Rules are needed to
ensure product safety, employee safety, and product
quality. Copyright and patents help protect people’s
intellectual property. Rules and regulations also keep
the banking system stable so as to avoid depression and
the like.
MORAL VS. NON-MORAL
STANDARDS
Moral Standards

 are norms that individuals or groups have about the

kinds of actions believed to be morally right or wrong,
as well as the values placed on what we believed to be
morally good or morally bad.

 Ethical principles that we live and believe. These are

the important blueprints of our behavior, which we
abide by daily, and are influenced by our society, or by
certain ethical universals.
Moral
 is an action which is considered
morally right or good.

Immoral
 is an action that is considered morally
wrong.

Amoral
 is one performed by someone who is
not morally aware, that is doesn’t
have any concepts or understanding of
right and wrong.
Non-moral standards

 Are those unwanted principles, which are in

opposition to everything that we are expected to be
and do.

Non-moral standards
What is Dilemma?

A dilemma is a situation where a person is

forced to choose between two or more
conflicting options, neither of which is
acceptable or preferable.
Moral Dilemma
 are situations where persons, who are called “moral agents” in
ethics, are forced to choose between two or more conflicting
options, neither of which resolves the situation in a morally
acceptable manner.

Example:

Lindsay is a deeply religious person; hence, she considers killing humans

absolutely wrong. Unfortunately, it is found out that Lindsay is having an
ectopic pregnancy. As is well known, an ectopic pregnancy is a type of
pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian
tubes. In other words, in ectopic pregnancy, the fetus does not develop in the
uterus. Now, if this happens, the development of the fetus will definitely
endanger the mother. Thus, if Lindsay continues with her pregnancy, then
there is a big possibility that she will die. According to experts, the best way
to save Lindsay’s life is to abort the fetus, which necessarily implies killing the
fetus. If we do not abort the fetus, then Lindsay, as well as the fetus, will die.
Three levels of Moral Dilemma
1.Individual
 Judgment is based on self-chosen principles, and moral reasoning is based on individual rights
and justice.

Example: The most common ethical dilemma is involved when you are taking someone to
hospital for an emergency treatment by car. The law states that speeding and running red lights
is illegal. However, this person might die if not treated quickly and they are in your car.

2.Organization-
 The organizing dilemma is a puzzle posed by the dual necessities of social organization and
member self-interest Depending on members‘ definitions of self, the organizing dilemma may
exist between personal interests and organizational welfare, or between group interests and
organizational well-being.

Example: Sexually harassing female employees in an organization is an unethical behavior in the

work place (Andrews, 2014).

3. Systemic
 is predisposed by the larger operating environment of the company.
Foundations of Morality
1. CARE & HARM

 Values of kindness, gentleness, and nurturance. We have an ability to

care for and be attached to others. We also have the ability to feel
and dislike the pain of others.

2. FAIRNESS & CHEATING

 When we help or are kind to others, we value those who reciprocate.
From this generates ideas of justice, rights, and autonomy. It also
touches on proportionality – that people take their “fair share”.

3. LOYALTY & BETRAYAL

Humans have an ability to form shifting coalitions and we value those
who are loyal to those coalitions. From this comes ideas of patriotism
and self-sacrifice for the group.
4. AUTHORITY & SUBVERSION

 Humans also have an ability to form hierarchical social

interactions. This foundation underlies virtues of
leadership and followership, including deference to
legitimate authority and respect for traditions.

5. SANCTITY & DEGRADATION

 This foundation was shaped by the psychology of disgust

and contamination. It underlies notions of striving to
live in an elevated, less carnal, more noble way. It
underlies the widespread idea that the body is a temple
which can be desecrated by immoral activities and
contaminants.
What is Freedom?

 freedom distinguishes the person from other creatures,

especially to his nearest kin – the brutes.

 Freedom is about making our way within the limits of

physical and material entanglements.

 We either live in a life of virtue or vice. To live in either

way depends on our choices
 REASON AND IMPARTIALITY AS MINIMUM
REQUIREMENT FOR MORALITY
Reason
 is the basis or motive for an action, decision, or conviction. As a
quality, it refers to the capacity for logical, rational, and analytic
thought; for consciously making sense of things, establishing and
verifying facts, applying common sense and logic, and justifying, and
if necessary, changing practices, institutions, and beliefs based on
existing or new existing information.

Impartiality
 involves the idea that each individual’s interests and point of view
are equally important. Itis a principle of justice holding that decisions
ought to be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of
bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another
for improper reasons.
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