 It is defined as:

Waste is any unwanted or useless materials.


Waste is also known as rubbish, trash,
refuse, garbage or junk
 Solid Waste
 Liquid Waste
 Gaseous Wastes
 Biodegradable waste
 Biomedical waste
• Chemical waste
• Commercial waste
• Construction waste
• Consumable waste
• Composite
It is defined as:
“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial
wastes that contain complex and
sometimes
hazardous substances”
Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as
follows:
1. Household waste is generally classified as
Municipal waste
2. Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
3. Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as
Infectious waste
 Municipal solid waste consists of:
 Household waste
 Construction and demolition debris
 Sanitation residue
 Waste from streets
 Household wastes that can be categorized
as hazardous waste include:
 Old batteries
 Shoe polish
 paint tins
 Medicine bottles
 Clothes etc.
 Industrial is considered hazardous as they
may contain toxic substances.
 Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic
to humans, animals, and plants.
 They are:
 Corrosive
 Highly inflammable, or explosive
 React when exposed to certain things
e.g. gases
  In the industrial sector, the major
generators of hazardous waste are the
metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye,
refining, and rubber goods industries.
• Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment, or immunization of human beings or
animals
• It may include wastes like
• Sharps
• Soiled waste
• Disposables
• Discarded medicines
• Chemical wastes
 This waste is highly infectious and can be a
serious threat to human health if not
managed in a scientific and discriminate
manner

 It
has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg
of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg
would be infected
 The main sources for solid wastes are domestic,
commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural
wastes.
 The composition of a city waste is as follows:
o Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
o Garbage 22 %
o Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
o Metals 8 %
o Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %
 The increase in the quantity of solid waste
is due to:
o Overpopulation,
o Affluence (material comfort)
o Technological advancement
 The number and growth of population and
households is the foremost factor affecting
the solid waste at various stages.
 The selected cities are growing at a rate

ranging between 3.67% to 7.42%, which is

much higher than the overall growth rate
of Pakistan, i.e. 2.8% (EPMC, 1996).
 Major cities of them are estimated to double

their population in next ten years

 A) HEALTH HAZARD

 B) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
 If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to
accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.
 Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,

plague, gastro-intestinal diseases may spread

and cause loss of human lives.
 In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a

health hazard for the workers who come in direct

contact with the waste
 B) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

 If the solid wastes are not treated properly,

decomposition and decay may take place.
 The organic solid waste during decomposition may

generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.

 Ground water pollution
 Air pollution and global warming
 Waste management is the collection, transport,
processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of
waste materials

 The term usually relates to materials produced by

human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce
their effect on health, the environment
 4 R’s CONCEPT
 Four R’s (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle

and Reduce) to be followed for

waste management.
 Instead of buying new containers from
the market, use the ones that are in
the house.
 Refuse to buy new items though you may

think they are prettier than the ones you

already have.
 Do not throw away the
soft drink cans or the
bottles; cover them with
homemade paper or paint
on them and use them as
pencil stands or small
vases.
 Use shopping bags
made of cloth or
jute, which can be
used over and over
again.
 Reduce the generation of unnecessary
waste,
e.g. carry your own shopping bag when
you go to the market and put all your
purchases directly into it.
 The main purpose of solid waste
management is to minimize the adverse
effects on the environment. The steps
involved are:
 Collection of solid wastes
 Disposal of solid wastes
 Utilization of wastes
 Collection of waste includes gathering the
waste, transporting it to a centralized
location, and then moving it to the site of
disposal.
 The collected waste is then separated into:
 Hazardous
 Non-hazardous materials.
 Before the final disposal of the solid wastes, it is
processed to recover the usable resources and to
improve the efficiency of the solid waste disposal
system.
 The main processing technologies are:

 Compaction
 Combustion
 Manual separation
 Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the
waste, and this remains a common practice in most
countries.
 Landfills were often established in:
 Abandoned or unused quarries
 Mining voids
 Borrow pits
 Main three types of combustion:
 Incineration

 Gasification
 Pyrolysis
 INCINERATIO
N
 Isa disposal method in which solid organic
wastes are subjected to combustion so as
to convert them into residue and gaseous
products.
 Energy recovery through complete

oxidation
 Also called "thermal treatment".
 Partial
oxidation process using air, pure
oxygen, oxygen enriched air, or steam
 Carbon converted into syngas
 More flexible than incineration
 More public acceptance
 Thermal degradation of carbonaceous materials
 Lower temperature than gasification
 Absence or limited oxygen
 Waste separation is the process by which waste is
separated into different elements
 Separation can be classified as:
 Dry waste includes wood and related products,
metals and glass
 Wet waste typically refers to organic waste usually
generated by eating
 The solid wastes can be properly utilized to
gather the benefits such as:
 Conservation of natural resources
 Economic development
 Generate many useful products
 Employment opportunities
 Control of air pollution
 Recycling refers to the collection and reuse of waste
materials such as empty beverage containers.
 The materials from which the items are made can be

reprocessed into new products.

 Material for recycling may be collected separately

from general waste using dedicated bins and

collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed
waste streams.
 The most common consumer products recycled
include:
 Aluminum such as beverage cans
 Copper such as wire
 Steel food and aerosol cans
 Polyethylene and PET bottles
 Glass bottles and jars
 Paperboard cartons
 Newspapers, magazines and light paper
 Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as
 plant material
 food scraps
 paper products
 Can be recycled using biological composting and
digestion processes to decompose the organic matter
 The resulting organic material is then
recycled as mulch or compost for
agricultural or landscaping purposes.
 Waste collection methods vary widely among
different countries and regions.
 Domestic waste collection services are often provided

by local government authorities, or by private

companies in the industry.
 Solid waste collection by government owned and
operated services in Pakistan's cities currently
averages only 50 percent of waste quantities
generated; however, for cities to be relatively clean, at
least 75 percent of these quantities should be collected.
 Unfortunately, none of the cities in Pakistan has a

proper solid waste management system right from

collection of solid waste up to its proper
disposal.

The Government of Pakistan enacted the
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA)
in 1997 which is the most recent and updated
legislation on environment.
 It provides a framework for establishing

federal and provincial Environmental

Protection Agencies (EPAs).
 In Pakistan, solid waste is mainly collected by
municipalities and waste collection
efficiencies range from 0 percent in low-
income rural areas to 90 percent in
high- income areas of large cities.
 Collection rate of solid waste by respective

municipalities ranges from 51% to 69% of

the total waste generated within their
jurisdiction.
 The overall conclusion of the study on present status
of solid waste management in Pakistan as follows:
 There is a limited focus on control mechanisms
which is adversely effecting on safety, health and the
environment.
 Regulations are inadequately enforced and SWM
does not seem to be a priority.
 None of the cities has an integrated solid waste
management system
 Collection rate 5 1-69 % of total waste generated.
 No disposal facilities
 Open burning of waste or open disposal is most common
practice.
 The involvement of people and private sector through
NGOs could improve the efficiency of SWM.
 Public awareness should be created especially at
primary school.
 Littering of SW should be prohibited in cities, towns
and urban areas.
 The collection bins must have a large enough
capacity to accommodate 20% more than
the expected waste generation in the area.