3rd year college

Sets and
Functions
 It is defined as a collection of
SET distinct, well-defined objects
forming a group. There can be
any number of items, be it a
collection of whole numbers,
months of a year, types of birds,
and so on. Each item in the set
is known as an element of the
set.
 PARTS OF A SET:
THE CURLY
01 NAME FOR
THE SET
BRACKETS/BR
ACE
04
THE

02 03
CARDINALITY
ELEMENTS OF
OF THE SET
A SET
01 NAME FOR THE SET:

-in writing name for a set remember that is

THE CURLY

Example:
typically written in upper cases.
THE
BRACKETS/BR
ACE
03
02
ELEMENTS OF
A SET
Set A=
Set B=
02 THE ELEMENTS/MEMBERS OF A SET
and CARDINALITY
-in writing name for a set
THE CURLY
01
These are the contents of a set enclosed in the bracket.
03
remember that is typically
written in upper cases.

Example: Example:
Set A=
BRACKETS/BR
Set A=
Set B=
ACE
where in, 1,2,3,4 and 5 are the elements or the
members of the set.
03 CARDINALITYOF THE SET

Cardinality is theremember
-innumber
writing name for aof set the elements, it is written as:
THE CURLY
01 03
that is typically

n(S) ; where nExample:

iswritten
number
in upper cases.
and S is the name of the set
Set A=
BRACKETS/BR
Set B=
ACE
Example:
Set A=
Therefore, the cardinality of set A is 5 or n(A)=5
04
THE CURLY BRACKETS/BRACE

-in writing name for a set

01
remember that is typically
written in upper cases.
Example:
Set A=
Set B=

it is used to enclose the elements of the set.

- These are the contents of a set
enclosed in the bracket.
Example:

02
Set
A=
where
in, 1,2,3,4 and 5 are the elements or
the members of the set.
 SET
EQUALIT
Y
SUBSET
 Main areas of study

Geometry
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon
Calculus
Venus has a beautiful name and is
the second planet from the Sun.
It’s hot and has a poisonous
atmosphere
 What is advanced mathematics?
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun
and the smallest one in the entire Solar
System. Contrary to popular belief, this
planet's name has nothing to do with the
liquid metal. Mercury was, instead, named
after the famous Roman messenger god
Mercurius
Mercury takes a little more than 58 days
to complete its rotation, so try to imagine
how long days must be there! Since the
temperatures are so extreme, albeit not as
extreme as on Venus, Mercury has been
deemed to be non-habitable for humans
 Fundamentals of mathematics

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 TYPES OF SET

NULL/EMPTY
INFINITE SET FINITE SET
SET
SINGLETON EQUIVALENT
EQUAL SET
SET SET
UNIVERSAL
POWER SET SUBSET
SET
 NULL/EMPTY SET
the null set is a set that does not
contain any values or elements. It is
expressed as { } and denoted using
the Greek letter ∅ (phi). A null set is
also known as an empty set or void
set.
 SINGLETON SET
Singleton set is a set containing only
one element. The singleton set is of
the form A = {a}, and it is also called
a unit set. The singleton set has two
subsets, which is the null set, and
the set itself.
SINGLETON SET

EXAMPLE:

Set A=
 FINITE SET

sets having a finite/countable

number of members. Finite sets
are also known as countable sets,
as they can be counted.
FINITE SET

Set B=
 INFINITE SET

is a set whose elements can not be

counted. An infinite set is one that
has no last element.
INFINITE SET

Set C=
 EQUIVALENT SET

sets that contain the same number

of elements, although the
elements themselves may be
different.
EQUIVALENT SET

Set A=
Set B=
 EQUAL SET

are sets with the same cardinality and

all equal elements. In other words, if
two or more sets have the same items
and the same number of elements,
they are said to be equal sets.
 EQUAL SET

Set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4,

5}
 UNIVERSAL SET

is a type of set that is used to

represent all the possible elements
associated with a set. It is widely used
in probability to represent all possible
sample space of an event.
 UNIVERSAL SET

Suppose we have two sets P = {1, 3, 5} and Q

= {2, 4, 6} then the universal set of P and Q is
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. It is usually denoted as
U.
 POWER SET

the set or group of all subsets for any

given set, including the empty set, which
is denoted by {}, or, ϕ. A set that has 'n'
elements has 2n subsets in all.
 POWER SET

For example, let Set A = {1,2,3},

therefore, the total number of elements in
the set is 3.
 SUBSET

a set of which all the elements

are contained in another set.
 SUBSET

Example: If set A has {X, Y}

and set B has {X, Y, Z}, then A
is the subset of B because
elements of A are also present
in set B.
 OPERATION OF SET

• UNION OF SET
• INTERSECTION OF SET
• COMPLEMENTS OF SET
UNION OF SET
a set containing all elements
that are in A or in B
(possibly both)
INTERSECTION A={a,b,c,d} and B={c,d,e}.

OF SETS A B

is the set of all a c e

objects that are b d

members of both A
and B .
 COMPLEMENTS OF
SETS
-a set that For example, Set U =
{2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
contains the and set A = {4, 6, 8},
elements then the complement
present in the of set A, A′ = {2, 10,
12}.
universal set but
not in set A.
 RELATIONS OF SET
A relation in mathematics defines
the relationship between two
different sets of information. If two
sets are considered, the relation
between them will be established if
there is a connection between the
elements of two or more non-
empty sets.
 TYPES OF
• RELATION
Empty Relation
• Universal Relation
• Identity Relation
• Inverse Relation
• Reflexive Relation
• Symmetric Relation
• Transitive Relation
• Equivalence Relation
Empty Relation
An empty relation (or void
relation) is one in which there
is no relation between any
elements of a set. For example,
if set A = {1, 2, 3} then, one of
the void relations can be R =
{x, y} where, |x – y| = 8. For
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empty relation,
R=φ⊂A×A
Universal Relation
A universal (or full relation) is a type of
relation in which every element of a
set is related to each other. Consider
set A = {a, b, c}. Now one of the
universal relations will be R = {x, y}
where, |x – y| ≥ 0. For universal
relation,
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R=A×A
Identity Relation
In an identity relation, every
element of a set is related to
itself only. For example, in a
set A = {a, b, c}, the identity
relation will be I = {a, a}, {b,
b}, {c, c}. For identity relation,
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I = {(a, a), a ∈ A}
Inverse Relation
Inverse relation is seen when a set
has elements which are inverse
pairs of another set. For example if
set A = {(a, b), (c, d)}, then inverse
relation will be R-1 = {(b, a), (d, c)}.
So, for an inverse relation,
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R-1 = {(b, a): (a, b) ∈ R}

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Reflexive Relation
In a reflexive relation, every element
maps to itself. For example,
consider a set A = {1, 2,}. Now an
example of reflexive relation will
be R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (2, 1)}.
The reflexive relation is given by-
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(a, a) ∈ R
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Symmetric Relation
In a symmetric relation, if a=b is true
then b=a is also true. In other
words, a relation R is symmetric
only if (b, a) ∈ R is true when (a,b)
∈ R. An example of symmetric
relation will be R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)}
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for a set A = {1, 2}. So, for a
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symmetric relation,
aRb ⇒ bRa, ∀ a, b ∈ A
Transitive Relation

For transitive relation, if (x, y)

∈ R, (y, z) ∈ R, then (x, z) ∈
R. For a transitive relation,
aRb and bRc ⇒ aRc ∀ a, b, c
∈A
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Equivalence Relation

If a relation is reflexive,
symmetric and transitive at the
same time, it is known as an
equivalence relation.
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 FUNCTIONS
If every element of a set A is related
with one and only one element of
another set then this kind of relation
qualifies as a function.
A function is a special case of
relation where no two ordered pairs
can have the same first element.
 FUNCTIONS
This notation f:X→Y denotes that f is
a function from X to Y. For x∈X there
is unique y∈Y and his y is
represented as y = f(x) which means
value of f at x which in turn is the
value of y at a specific value of x.
 RATIONAL
IDENTITY FUNCTION
FUNCTION TYPES These are y=f(x)=g(x)/h(x) type
of function where both g(x) and
y=f(x)=x; both range and domain
OF
h(x) are polynomials and h(x)≠0.
of the function is the same.
CONSTANT MODULUS
FUNCTION
FUNCTION FUNCTION
y=f(x)=Constant; the range of The range of the function is
the function is constant GREATEST positive plus the set of 0
POLYNOMIAL INTEGER SIGNUM
FUNCTION FUNCTION FUNCTION
y=f(x)=polynomial for every Range of f is {-1, 0, 1}
value of x.
The function assumes the value of the greatest
integer. The range is a pure integer value.
 END OF
DISCUSSION
 Contents per trimester
Integers Matrices Functions Equations

1st Trimester 10% 10% 10% 70%

2nd Trimester 10% 30% 40% 20%

3rd Trimester 40% 40% 10% 10%

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the entire Solar System. Contrary to
popular belief, this planet's name has nothing to do with the liquid metal
 You can use this graph

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2nd Trimester

3rd Trimester
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 Rubric
Excellent (+2) Good (+1) Fair (+0.5) Poor (+0) Total

Assistance X 2.0

Participation X 2.0

Activities X 1.0

Exercises X 0.5

Final exam X 1.0

Total Evaluation (Max 10.0) 6.5

 Multiple choice questions
Choose the correct answer and mark it with an X:

1. What is the primary focus of Algebraic 2. In which field is Fourier Analysis

Geometry? extensively applied?

Analyzing statistical data Cryptography

Studying number theory Fluid dynamics

Investigating geometric shapes Number theory

Understanding abstract algebraic Quantum mechanics

 Short answer questions
Answer the following questions in your own words:
1. Describe how to use calculus to find the points where the slope of the function
f (x) = sin (x) + cos (x) is zero

Write here your answer

2. Explain concisely how differential geometry is applied in physics, using a concrete example
such as curves in spacetime.

Write here your answer

 Group discussion
Topic for discussion:
The role of advanced mathematics in real-world problem solving

Discuss the significance and practical applications of advanced mathematical concepts in addressing
real-world challenges. Consider topics such as the impact of calculus in optimizing systems, the role of
abstract algebra in cryptography, or the application of differential equations in modeling dynamic
processes. Explore whether these advanced mathematical tools are accessible and applicable beyond
academic settings, and debate their relevance in solving contemporary global issues. Additionally,
consider how fostering mathematical literacy can empower individuals to engage with and contribute to
solving complex problems in various fields.

* Before starting the discussion, get together in groups and look for information on the subject
 Practical application
Place the type of function that corresponds to each of these representations:

Linear Exponential Quadratic Rational

 Essay
Choose an application of advanced mathematics and write an essay exploring the influence of
differential equations in that area. Begin by concisely introducing the concept of these equations

You can answer here

 Mathematics types
Maths

Instrumentals Interpersonal Systematic

Problem analysis Argumentation Problem-solving strategies

Statistical data and studies Alternative solutions Ability to work

 Support annexes
Geometry
● Title of the content - Link to the site or content - Write a short description here
● Title of the content - Link to the site or content - Write a short description here
Calculus
● Title of the content - Link to the site or content - Write a short description here
● Title of the content - Link to the site or content - Write a short description here
Statistics
● Title of the content - Link to the site or content - Write a short description here
● Title of the content - Link to the site or content - Write a short description here
Probability
● Title of the content - Link to the site or content - Write a short description here
● Title of the content - Link to the site or content - Write a short description here
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