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Introduction to Probabilities
CHAPTER 4 MAP
4.1 An Introduction to Probabilities
Experiment
• The process of measuring or observing an activity
for the purpose of collecting data
• An example is rolling a single six-sided die
Sample space
• All the possible outcomes, or results, of an
experiment
• The sample space for our single-die experiment is
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Simple event
• An event with a single outcome in its most basic
form that cannot be simplified
• An example of a simple event is rolling a five with a
single die.
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Sample Space Examples
Probability Rule 2
• If P(A) = 0, then with certainty, Event A will not occur.
Probability Rule 3
• The probability of any event must range from 0 to 1.
Probability Rule 4
• The sum of all the probabilities for the simple events
in the sample space must be equal to 1.
+ –
Example:
Event A = score in 601-800 range
Event B = Completed Prep Class
Example:
Event A = score in 601-800 range
Event B = Completed Prep Class
Same
value as
found
before
Since P(A|B) ≠ P(A), the grade in the course and the interest in
the subject are dependent.
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The Multiplication Rule
The multiplication rule is used to determine the
probability of the intersection (joint probability)
of two events occurring, or P(A and B).
Formula for the multiplication rule for dependent
events:
or
Conditional Probabilities: