Network protocl

A network protocol is a set of rules and conventions that

define how data is transmitted and received over a network.
These protocols enable communication between devices in a
network, ensuring that information is exchanged accurately
and efficiently. Network protocols operate at different layers
of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, which is a
conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a
telecommunication or computing system into seven
abstraction layers.
• Here are some key points about network protocols:
1.Layered Structure: The OSI model divides network functionality
into seven layers, each responsible for specific tasks. Different
protocols operate at different layers to provide various services.
• Common Protocols:
• Application Layer: Protocols such as HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol),
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), and FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
operate at this layer, handling high-level communication tasks.
• Transport Layer: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User
Datagram Protocol) are commonly used at this layer, managing end-to-end
communication and data flow control.
• Network Layer: IP (Internet Protocol) is a fundamental protocol in this
layer, handling routing and addressing.
• Link Layer: Ethernet and Wi-Fi protocols are examples of link layer
protocols, responsible for local network communication.
• TCP/IP Protocol Suite:
• The TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) suite is
the foundation of the Internet and includes protocols like TCP, IP,
UDP, ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), and others.
• Connection-Oriented vs. Connectionless Protocols:
Connection-Oriented: Protocols like TCP establish a connection
between devices before transmitting data, ensuring reliable and ordered
delivery.
Connectionless: Protocols like UDP do not establish a connection
beforehand and provide a faster, but potentially less reliable, means of
communication.
Packet Switching:
Most modern networks use packet-switching, where data is divided into
packets for transmission. Each packet contains information such as the
destination address, allowing it to traverse the network independently.
• Security Protocols: Protocols like SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets
Layer/Transport Layer Security) provide secure communication over
the Internet, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity.
 Examples of Protocols:
• HTTP/HTTPS: Used for web browsing.
• SMTP/POP/IMAP: Used for email communication.
• TCP/UDP: Transport layer protocols.
• IP: Network layer protocol.