KIPS CSS “One Paper”

Lecture#3
Presented by: Irfan Subhani
 TOPIC

Conversions
Transformations
Active & Passive Voices
 Introduction-Purpose
Voice refers to the form of a verb that indicates
when a grammatical subject performs the action
or is the receiver of the action. When a sentence is
written in the active voice, the subject performs
the action; in the passive voice, the subject
receives the action.
Active and Passive Voice:

● An action of a subject in relation to an object.

→It can be express in two ways.
(I write a letter) Active Voice
(A letter is written by me) Passive Voice
The meaning or idea of the sentence does not change.
We know that every sentence have a subject, verb and
object.
 Active & Passive Voice:
Subject is an agent who works on an object.
In Passive voice, the object is acted upon by the subject.
Meanings remain the same but the structure changes.
 I eat an apple. (Active Voice)
An apple is eaten by me. (Passive Voice)
He bought a car. (Active Voice)
A car was bought by him. (Passive Voice)
 Active and Passive Voices
Form of verb=Past Participle(3rd form)
Rule:1
The places of subject and object will
interchange.
He buys a camera. (Active Voice)
A camera is bought by him. (Passive Voice)
 Active and Passive Voices:
Rule:2 (Only Past Participle or 3rd form)
Rule:3 (The word “by” will be used before subject in the
passive voice.
She drinks water. (Active Voice)
Water is drunk by her. (Passive Voice)
Rule:4 (Other words such as “with” or “to”
I know him. (Active Voice)
He is known to me. (Passive Voice)
 Active and Passive Voices:
Rule:5
The auxiliary verb will be changed in passive voice.
Rule:6
Subject may not be always mentioned in Passive Voice.
Women are not treated as equals.
Sugar is sold in kilograms.
Rule:7
Pronouns changing I→Me,He→Him etc
 Active and Passive Voices:
Rules of Tense changing: Use the simple present
tense to make a generalization, to present a state of
being, or to indicate a habitual or repeated action.
Present Simple (Indefinite):
He writes a letter. (Active Voice)
A letter is written by him. (Passive Voice)
He does not write a letter. (Active Voice)
A letter is not written by him. (Passive Voice)
Does he write a letter? (Active Voice)
Is a letter written by him? (Passive Voice)
 Active and Passive voices:
Present Progressive: Use the present progressive to
describe an ongoing activity or a temporary action.
She is singing a song. (A.V)
A song is being sung by her. (P.V)
Is she singing a song? (A.V)
Is a song being sung by her. (P.V)
They are eating apples. (A.V)
Apples are being eaten by them. (P.V)
 Active and Passive voices:
Present Perfect Tense: Use the present perfect to
describe an action occurring in the past but relevant to the
present, or extending to the present.
He has not completed the work. (A.V)
The work has not been completed by him. (P.V)
Has he completed the work? (A.V)
Has the work been completed by him. (P.V)
She has written five poems. (A.V)
Five poems have been written by her. (P.V)
 Active and Passive voices:
Past Simple Tense: Use the simple past to indicate a
general or habitual action occurring in the past or at a
specific time in the past.
He bought a car. (A.V)
A car was bought by him. (P.V)
Did he buy a car? (A.V)
Was a car bought by him? (P.V)
Past Progressive Tense:
Was she washing a shirt? (A.V)
Was a shirt being washed by her? (P.V)
Active and Passive voices:
 Past Perfect Tense: Use the past progressive to indicate an
ongoing action in the past or an action continuing through a
specific past time.
They had not won the match. (A.V)
The game had not been won by them. (P.V)
Had they won the game? (A.V)
Had the game been won by them? (P.V)
Future Simple Tense: Use the future to indicate an action
that is expected to take place at a future time.
Will she write a poem? (A.V)
Will a poem be written by her? (P.V)
 Active and Passive voices:
Future Perfect Tense: Use the future perfect to indicate
a future action expected to be completed before another
future action or time.
Will he have received the letter? (A.V)
Will the letter have been received by him? (P.V)
Note:
Present/Past/Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Future Continuous Tense
These sentences of following tenses can’t be changed
to Passive Voices.
 Active and Passive voices:
Present Perfect Progressive: Use the present perfect
progressive to describe an ongoing action beginning
before now and is still relevant to the present.
Active Voice :has/have + been + -ing
Hunter has been awarding BA and MA diplomas for
over one hundred years.
Passive Voice: has/have + been + being + -ed/-en
Note: Because of awkward construction, the perfect
progressive form is not used in the passive voice.
 Active and Passive voices:
Future Progressive: Use the future progressive to
indicate an action in future with emphasis on
continuing action.
Active Voice: will + base + -ing
Mary and Paul will be spending lots of time on the
beach.
Passive Voice: will + be + being + -ed/en
Note: Not used in the passive voice.
Active and Passive voices:
Passive voices for Present and Future Modals:
(May,Might,Can,Must,Should,Ought:Be)
He must learn his lesson. (A.V)
His lesson must be learnt by him. (P.V)
She may not eat an apple. (A.V)
An apple may not be eaten by her. (P.V)
You ought to help her. (A.V)
She ought to be helped by you. (P.V)
 Active and Passive voices:
 Passive voices for Past Modals:
(Might have, Should have, must have, ought to
have:Been)
I should not have started a job. (A.V)
A job should not have been started by me. (P.V)
He must have passed the exam. (A.V)
The exam must have been passed by him. (P.V)
He might have killed the snake. (A.V)
The snake might have been killed by him. (P.V)
 Active and Passive Voices:
Imperative Sentences:
A sentence that expresses a command, an advice or a
request.
The imperative sentence begins with “Let”
The word “Be” is used as auxiliary.
Base form is converted into Past Participle (3rd form)
Do not waste the time. (A.V)
Let the time not be wasted. (P.V)
 Active and Passive voices:
He is sleeping.
He is laughing.
He has gone.
He died in 2005.
End

Thanks for your attention

 Types of Phrases:
Verb Phrase:
A verb phrase is the group of main verbs and helping
verbs (auxiliaries) within a sentence.
She is writing a letter.
He has taken his annual exam.
She is waiting for someone.
 Types of Phrases:
Infinitive Phrases:
An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive (to +base
form of verb) and modifiers.
An infinitive phrase always acts as a noun, an
adjective, or adverb in a sentence.
I enjoy to drive a car.
To get success in exam is an ambition of everyone.
She sang a song to please the audience.
Government made a plan to help the poor.
 Types of Phrases:
Gerund Phrase:
A gerund phrase is a group of a gerund (verb + ing)
modifiers and other related words.
I enjoy listening to the music.
He started writing the letter.
Crying of a baby, disturbed me a lot.
Types of Phrases:
Participle Phrase:
A participle phrase is a group of a Present or past
participle verb, modifiers other linked words.
It always acts as an adjective in a sentence.
The students, raising their hands, need extra page.
The chair, made of plastic, looks very beautiful.
She got a mail, mentioning about her exam.
 Types of Phrases:
Absolute Phrase:
Absolute phrase is also called nominative phrase. It
consists of a noun or a pronoun, a participle and
linked modifiers.
He, having books in his hand, was going to college.
He, having anger in his eyes, met his enemy.
 Comments and Suggestion

 Thanks for your concentration

 ABSTRACT:

The Speech analyzed particularly revealed the

ideologies / plans on which the new government
headed by President Muhammadu Buhari intends to
operate.
Good governance, Strengthening international
relations, foreign policies, and democracy, fight
insecurity, corruption, and improve power supply and
the nation’s economy.
Key words: Discourse, Critical Discourse, Speech and
Political Speech
 Objectives of the study:
This study aims to carry out Critical Discourse
Analysis of President Muhammadu Buhari’s inaugural
speech. This study tries to realize the following
objectives:
● To identify and discuss the prevalent or crucial micro
structures of the speech
● To identify the macro structures, that is, the underlying
political ideological structures in the speech and explain
how they relate to social structures.
Research Questions:

● What are the prevalent micro structures of the

speech?
● What are the macro structures of the speech
and do they relate to the socio-cultural and
political issues of the society.
Model of Analysis (Framework):
Fairclough’s Model and Analytic Framework has
been employed for this study, which includes three
levels of analysis: the text, the discursive practice and
the socio-cultural practice.
According to Fairclough (1995), Language use is
always simultaneously constitutive of (1) social
identities, (2) social relations, (3) system of
knowledge and beleifs.
Data Analysis:

The 28 paragraphs speech was subjected to analysis

using qualitative approach. The analysis was guided
by furlough’s three dimensional models description,
interpretation and explanation described in the
previous section. The analysis was done according to
the structure and content of the speech.
 Appreciation:
● The president remarks; “our journey has not been easy,
but thanks to the determination of our people and strong
support from friends abroad we have today a truly
democratically elected government in place”.
● The president also thanked his party supporters for their
resolution to vote for them and endurances of all kinds
which translated to victory.
 Declaration of intentions:
He declares “having just a few minutes ago sworn on
the holy book, I intend to keep my oath and serve as
president to all Nigerians. I belong to everybody and
belong to nobody”.
Reacting in his speech to the voiced fears, the
president says ‘a few people have privately voiced fears
that on coming back to office, I shall go after them.
These fears are groundless. There will be no paying of
old scores. The past is prologue”.
International relations and foreign policies:

The President optimistically assured Nigerians that

his administration will handle the problems head on
says, “Nigerians will not regret that they have
entrusted national responsibilities to us. We must not
succumb to hopelessness and defeatism. We can fix
our problems”.
 Unveiling plans and ideologies:
Back to home problems, the president says, “daunting
as the task may be, it is by no means insurmountable”.
“There is now a national consensus that our route to
national development is democracy. To achieve our
objectives, we must consciously work the democratic
system”.
He declared; “the Federal Executive under my watch
will not seek to enroach on the duties and functions of
the legislative and judicial arms of government.
 Appeal for unity
He says; “We shall overhaul the rules of engagement to
avoid human rights violation in operation. We shall
improve operational and legal mechanisms.
He says, “We are going to erect and maintain an
efficient disciplined people-friendly, and well-
compensated security forces within an over-all security
architecture”.
Ending
The President ended his speech by resorting to
protocol which was skipped in the opening of the
speech.
He says, “Your excellencies, my fellow Nigerians I
cannot recall When Nigeria enjoyed so much goodwill
abroad as now. The message I received from east and
west, from powerful and small countries are indicative
of international expectations.
“The President crowned the message of hope with call
to collectively rebuilt new Nigeria”.
 Ending
“We have the opportunity, let us take it”.
The pronoun “we which echoed to us” re-emphasizes
the presidents believe in democracy and collective
responsibility. The pronoun “We” and “Us” in this
context implies all inclusive which is the summary of
democracy “government of the people by the people
and for the people”.
 Use of Pronouns
In Political speeches, personal pronouns are often
used as a form of address, either to refer to an audience
or to the speaker.
The use of personal pronouns in political discourse
goes beyond substitution of a noun in traditional
grammar to self-emphasis, self-responsibility,
inclusiveness, solidarity, and unity of purpose among
others.
 Use of Pronouns
“I would like to thank president Good luck Jonathan
for his display of statesmanship in setting a precedent
for us that has now made our people proud to be
Nigerians wherever they are. With the support and
cooperative he has given to the transition process, he
has made it possible for us to show the world that
despite the perceived tension in the land, we can be a
united people capable of doing what is right for our
nation”.
Conclusion
The study has revealed that the content of the
inaugural consists of appreciations, expositions of
ideological plans as to the direction of the new
government and subtle criticism of the past
government.
Differs from campaign speeches.
Informative rather than persuasive.
Opening through appreciation, unveiled ideologies
and plans, to strengthen foreign relations, policies,
democracy, fight corruption and insecurity etc.
Question or Comments

 Thanks for your concentration.