Basing Makalah

Judul
Supervosong Teacher :
Nervi Irawati Ambarita S,Pd M,Pd
Arranged By :
1. Aji Saka Kertanegara 6. Gideon Renold Simangunsong
2. David Thomas Joostenz 7. Ida Bagus Putu Mahendradatta
3. Duta Haical Situmorang 8. Rachel Gladyola Situmorang
4. Faris Nadhif Ashari 9. Rivandy Axel Deanevan
5. Fayvell Derryl Manopo
PREEFACE
The researchers praise the presence of Allah SWT. who has given His
grace and guidance, so that we can complete this scientific work. This scientific
work was prepared in order to complete the first semester class XII English
assignment for Composing Scientific Work.
We realize that scientific work will not be completed without help and
guidance from other parties. Therefore, on this occasion we do not forget to
express our gratitude to the English subject supervisor Nervi Irawaty Ambarita
S.pd, M.pd who has provided direction and guidance in making this scientific
work and our parents who always support the smooth running of our
assignments. from the beginning of the scientific work research until the
completion of this scientific work.
We thank you for your attention to this scientific work, and we hope that
this scientific work will be useful for us in particular. We sincerely hope that
with all humility, suggestions and constructive criticism from readers to
improve the production of scientific work in other assignments in the future.
Balikpapa
n, 16 November 2023
Table of Contents
PREFACE ....................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………….....
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………….
1.1 BACKGROUND …………………………………………….....
1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION ………………………………....
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PAPER …………………………………..
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION ……………………………………………..
2.1 GRAMMAR ……………………………………………………
1. PASSIVE VOICEOVER ………………………………….....
2. IF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ……………………….....
3. TENSES, 6 TENSES ………………………………………...
2.2 READING COMPREHENSION ………………………………
1. NARRATIVE TEXT …………………………………….......
2. EXPLANATION TEXT ……………………………………..
3. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT ……………………………………....
4. DISCUSSION TEXT ………………………………………..
5. CAPTION ……………………………………………………
6. OFFERING SERVICES …………………………………......
CHAPTER III CLOSING …………………………………………………
3.1 CONCLUSION ………………………………………………...
3.2 ADVICE ……………………………………………………......
AUTHOR PROFILE ……………………………………………………...
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
As we know, English is a global language that is used by almost everyone in many

countries. It is considered very important to master the most basic of English, such as
Grammar usage and Pronunciation. However, there is also one important thing to learn in
English, namely Reading Comprehensions. Now, what can we know about the
definitions of Grammar and Reading Comprehension? Grammar is a description of the
structure of a language and the way linguistic units such as words and phrases are
combined to produce sentences in that language. In generative grammar, grammar will
describe a speaker's knowledge of the grammar he uses. In addition, Penny ur notes that
"Grammar is defined as words that are arranged to make correct sentences, this not only
influences how word units are combined to make correct sentences but also affects their
meaning". In other words, grammar is a structure in linguistics which has the function of
organizing sentences well. Reading comprehension is the ability to read a text, process it,
and understand its meaning. It relies on two interrelated abilities: word comprehension
(being able to decode symbols on a page) and language comprehension (being able to
understand the meaning of words and sentences). However, when we understand a text,
we don't just remember the exact words and phrases we read. Instead, we form a mental
model of what the text describes by integrating the meaning of words and sentences into
a meaningful whole. Through this article, we want to review several things regarding this
matter to help people understand English further. Because not many people can
understand English other than native speakers themselves. Through this paper we hope to
encourage people to learn English and give it a try.
1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PAPPER

CHAPTER II
DISCUSION
2.1 Grammar
1. Tenses
DEFINITION ABOUT TENSES :
Differentiating verb forms to express differences in time or duration of actions or circumstances. In
general, tense consists of the past, present and future, and there are several tenses that we have
studied, here are the explanations :
1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Definition of Simple Present tense :

Simple present tense is in general the simple present tense expresses events or situation that exist
always, usually, habitually, that they exist now, have existed in the past and probably will exist in the
future.
Simple present tense says that something was true in the past, true in the present and will be true in
the future. It’s used for general statements of fact.
The present simple is use to express habitual or everyday activity.
Formula for Simple Present Tense :

Postive : "S + V + Object"
Negative : "S + Don't / doesn't + V1 + Object"
Interrogative : "Do / does + S + V1 + Object"
Examples of Simple Present Tense :

1. (+) The sun Shine every morning
(-) The sun doesn`t shine every morning
(?) Does the sun shine every morning?
2. (+) I go to school every monday until friday.

(-) I don’t go to school every Monday
(?) Do you go to school every……...........
3. (+) She wake up 6 o`clock

(-) She didn`t wake up 6 o`clock
(?) Does she wake up at 6 o'clock?
4. (+)- He watch television everyday

(-) He doesn`t watch television everyday
(?) Does he watch television everyday?
5. (+) Kana lisen to music every night
(-) Kana doesn`t listen to music every night
(?) Does Kana listen to music every night?
2. SIMPLE PAST:
Definition of Simple Past

simple past tense is a sentence that is used to tell about events that happened in the past and finished
or ended in the past too.
The simple past indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past.
Formula for Simple Past:

positive: (+)
 Verbal : Subject + verb 2 + object
 Nominal : Subject + was/were + Nominal
negative: (-)
 Verbal : Subject + did not/didn`t + verb1
 Nominal : Subject + was/were + not + verb1
interrogative: (?)
 Verbal : Did + Subject + verb 1 + ?
 Nominal : Was/were + subject + verb1 + ?
Example simple past tense:

1. (+) We late came to school
(-) We didn`t late come to school
(?) Did we late come to school?
2. (+) He do his homework

(-) He didn’t do his homework
(?) Did he do his homework?
3. (+) She was moved to other school

(-) She wasn`t move to other school
(?) Was she move to other school?
4. (+) Dea was studied last night

(-) Dea wasn`t study last night
(?) Was Dea study last night?
5. (+) Shannie was made cookie for her mom

(-) Shannie wasn`t make cookie for her mom
(?) Was shannie make cookie for her mom?
3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Definition of Present Perfect Tense
Present perfect tense is a sentence pattern with a change in verb form that is used to express/express a
past action/event that is still continuing until now.
The present perfect expresses the idea that something happened or never happened before now, at an
unspecified time in the past.
The present perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before now.
Formula for Present Perfect Tense :

Positive: Subject + Have/Has + Verb-3.
Negative: Subject + have/has + not + Verb-3
Interrogative: Have/has + Subject + Verb-3
Examples of Present Perfect Tense:

1. (+) Diana has been a teacher
(-) Diana has not been a teacher
(?) Has Diana been a teacher?
2. (+) Asep has sent me a letter

(-) Asep has never sent me a letter
(?) Has Asep sent me a letter?
3. (+) You have watered the flowers in the garden

(-) You haven`t watered the flower in the garden
(?) Have you watered the flowers in the garden?
4. (+) My mother has watched the television

(-) My mother has not watched the television
(?) Has my mother watched the television?
5. (+) My friend has visited me

(-) My friend hasn`t visited me
(?) Has my friend visited me?
4. PAST PERFECT TENSE
Definition of Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense is a form of the past tense that is used to describe an event or action that occurred
before a certain past time. It is often used to structure the sequence of events in a story or narrative.
The past perfect express an activity that was completed before another activity in the past.
Formula for Past Perfect Tense :

Positive : Subject + had + Verb 3 (past participle).
Negative : Subject + had not + Verb 3 (past participle).
Interrogative : Had + Subject + Verb 3 (past participle)?
Examples of Past Perfect Tense :

1.(+)They had gone to the beach before it started
(-)I had not gone to the beach before it started.
(?)Had I gone to the beach before it started?
2.(+)He had read the book before watching the movie.
(-)He had not read the book before watching the movie.
(?)Had he not read the book before watching the movie?
3. (+)Nora had already left when i got there

(-)Nora had not already left when I got there.
(?)Had Nora already left when I got there?
4. (+)We had completed our group assignment after they died.

(-)We have completed our group assignment before the deadline.
(?)Had we completed our group assignment after they died?
5. (+)Rina had visited his grandparents before they died.

(-)Rina had never visited his grandparents before they died.
(?)Had Rina ever visited his grandparents before they died?.
5.PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Definition of present continuous tense

the meaning of present continuous tense is a form of tense that you can use to explain something or
express an action that is taking place during a certain time in the present.
The present continuous express an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking. It began in
recent past continuing at present, and will probably and at the future
Formula for present continuous tense:

Positive : Subject + be (am/are/is) + verb1 -ing + complement
Negative : Subject + be (am/are/is) + not + verb1 -ing + complement
Interrogative : Be (am/is/are) + subject + verb1 -ing + complement?
Examples of present continuous tense :

1. (+) I am studying for my exams right now.
(-) I am not studying for my exam at the moment.
(?) Are you studying for your exam at the moment?
2. (+) She is not wearing her glasses today.

(-) She is not wearing her glasses today.
(?) Is she wearing her glasses today?
3. (+) They are staying in the hotel for two weeks.

(-) They are not staying in the hotel for a long time.
(?) How long are they staying in the hotel?
4. (+) The teacher is explaining a difficult concept to the students.

(-) The teacher is not explaining a difficult concept to the students.
(?) Is the teacher explaining a difficult concept to the students?
5. (+) The flowers are blooming in this seson

(-) The flowers are not blooming in this season.
(?) Why are the flowers not blooming in this season?
6. PAST CONTINUES
Definition of Past Continues Tense

Past Continuous Tense is used to describe ongoing or continuous actions that were happening in the
past.
Formula for Past Continues Tense:

Positive: S + was/were + verb 1-ing + Object
Negative: S + was/were not + verb 1-ing + Object
Interrogative: Was/Were + S + verb 1-ing + Object?
Examples of Past Continues Tense:

1. (+) I was studying when the phone rang.
(-) I was not studying when the phone rang.
(?) Was I studying when the phone rang?
2. (+) They were playing football when it started raining.

(-) I was not studying when the phone rang.
(?) Was I studying when the phone rang?
3. (+) You were watching TV when I called.

(?) You were not watching TV when I called.
(?) Were you watching TV when I called?
4. (+) She was cooking dinner at 7 PM.

(-) She was not cooking dinner at 7 PM.
(?) Was she cooking dinner at 7 PM?
5. (+) We were having a meeting at that time.

(-) We were not having a meeting at that time.
(?) Were we having a meeting at that time?
7. PRESENT FUTURE
Definition of Present Future Tense

Present Future Tense is used to express actions that will happen in the future.
Formula for Present Future Tense

Positive: Subject + will + verb 1 + Object
Negative: Subject + will not (won't) + verb 1 + Object
Interrogative: Will + Subject + verb 1 + Object + ?
Examples of Present Future Tense

1. (+) I will travel to Bali next month.
(-) I won't travel to bali next month
(?) Will i travel to bali next month ?
2. (+) They won't attend the meeting tomorrow.
(-) They won't attend the meeting tomorrow
(?) Will they attend the meeting tomorrow?
3. (+) She will join us for dinner tonight

(-) She won't join us for dinner tonight
(?) Will she join us for dinner tonight?
4. (+) We will celebrate your birthday on Saturday.

(-) We will not/won't celebrate your birthday on saturday.
(?) Will we celebrate your birthday on saturday?
5. (+) He will complete the project by the end of the week.

(-) We will not/won't celebrate your birthday on saturday.
(?) Will we celebrate your birthday on saturday?
8.PAST FUTURE
Defition of Past Future

Future in the past is used to express the idea that in the past you thought something would happen in
the future.
Formula for Past Future :

positif : S + would/should + have + v3
negatif : S + would/should + not + have + v3
introgatif : would/should + s + have + v3 + ?
Example for Past Future :

1.(+) My sister told me that she would buy a camera
(-) My sister told me that she wouldn't buy a new camera
(?) Would my sister buys me a new camera?
2.(+) I would come to lisa birthday

(-) I wouldn't come to lisa birthday
(?) Would i come to lisa birthday?
3.(+) He would bring me a present

(-) He wouldn't bring me a present
(?) Would he brings me a present?
4.(+) My dad knew that england would be the winner of game last night
(-) My dad knew that england wouldn't be the winner of game last night
(?) Would england be the winner of game last night?
5.(+) He would bring me food

(-) He wouldn't bring me food
(?) Would he brings me food?
9.PRESENT FUTURE GOING TO

Definition of Present Future Going To
Present Future going true is: the main auxiliary word will which is used to express the action that will
be completed. Meanwhile, going to is usually used for something that is going to be done, but has
been planned from the start before speaking.
When the speaker is making a prediction of statements about something that will be true or will occur
use be going is possible.
Formula for Present Future going to :

Positive (+) :
 Subject + will/shall + verb 1 + object
 Subject + to be (am/is/are) going to + verb 1
Negative (-) :
 Subject + will/shall + not + verb 1 + object
 Subject + to be (am/is/are) + not + going to + verb 1
Interrogative (?) :
 Will/shall + subject + verb 1 + object + ?
 To be (am/is/are) + subject + going to + verb 1 + ?
Examples for Present Future going to:

1. (+) I am going to come
(-) I am not going to come
(?) Am I going to come?
2. (+) Jack is going to start a new business

(-) Jack is not going to start a new business
(?) Is Jack going to start a new business?
3. (+) I am going to live in Germany

(-) I am not going to live in Germany
(?) Am i going to live in Germany?
4. (+) They are going to use the computer

(-) They are not going to use the computer
(?)Were they going to use the computer ?
5. (+) I am going to write an email

(-) I am not going to write an email
(?) Am i going to write an email ?
10. PAST FUTURE GOING TO
Definition of Past Future Going To Tense:

Past Future with "Going To" is used to express intentions, plans, or predictions about the future based
on evidence in the past.
Formula for Past Future with ''Going To'' Tense:

Positive: S + was/were + going to + Verb1 + Object
Negative: S + was/were not + going to + V¹ + Object
Interrogative: Was/Were + S + going to + V¹ + Object?
Examples of Past Future with "Going To" Tense:

1. (+) I was going to start a new job, but I changed my mind.
(-) I was not going to start a new job, but I changed my mind
(?) Was I going to start a new job, but I changed my mind?
2. (+) They weren't going to attend the party, but they decided to go.
(-) They were not going to attend the party, but they decided to go.
(?) Were they going to attend the party, but they decided to go?
3. (+) She was going to visit her parents last weekend.

(-) She was not going to visit her parents last weekend.
(?) Was she going to visit her parents last weekend?
4. (+) We were going to buy a new car, but the old one broke down.
(-) We were not going to buy a new car, but the old one broke down.
(?) Were we going to buy a new car, but the old one broke down?
5. (+) You were going to finish the project by yesterday.

(-) You were not going to finish the project by yesterday.
(?) Were you going to finish the project by yesterday?
2. Passive Voice
Verbs that can be used in passive sentences are transitive verbs.
Transitive verbs have two grammatical varieties (voices), namely active and passive or active
form/active voice and passive form/passive sentence (passive voice).
1. Active voice is a sentence where the subject does something or does something do a job.
Here people, animals or objects are indicated by the subject is said to do something on
something/someone else.
Passive Voice Formula:
To Be + Past Participle
for example:
1) Leon calls Armed - Leon called Armed.
(“Leon” as the subject does something to Armed, namely calls (calling) Armed).
2) Roy killed a snake - Roy kills a snake.
(“Roy” as the subject does something to a snake is killed (killed) a snake).
2. Passive voice is a sentence in which the subject is subjected to a job or suffer from
something. Here people, animals or objects are said suffer something from
something/someone else.
for example:
1) Armed is called by Leon - Armed was called by him.
(“Armed” as a subject is subjected to work by something the other is called (called) by Leon).
3. Several ways to form active voice into passive voice:

1) The active sentence to be changed must be a sentence that has words transitive verbs
(verbs that require an object)
for example:
He hits me - He hit me.
(the verb "hits" is a transitive verb, namely a verb that requires the object "me").
2) The subject in the active voice is changed to the object in the passive voice. The object in
the active voice is made the subject in the passive voice
for example:
• He hits me (active voice)
I am hit by him (passive voice)
(The subject "He" in the active voice becomes the object "him" in the passive voice. On the
other hand, the object "me" in the active voice is made the subject "I" in passive voice.)
3) Verbs in passive voice must be past participles (verb third form) which is preceded by “am,
is, are, was, were; be, been, being” followed by “by”,
for example:
• Jony hits me (Active voice)
I am hit by Jony (Passive voice)
4. Several things you need to pay attention to regarding passive voice or important points
about active voice and passive voice:
1) Intransitive verbs cannot be used in the passive form, except if the verb uses the cognate
object in the active form
for example:
Amel sings a fine song (active voice)
A fine song was sung by Amel (passive voice)
2) The object for the active verb becomes the subject for the passive verb, if sentences are
changed from active voice to passive voice
for example:
Object for active verb:
I can make a kite.
Subjects for passive verbs:
A kite can be made by me.
3) Objects that are still used or maintained in the passive voice is called a retained object.
In this case, there are two objects in the active voice, When it is changed to passive voice,
there is still an object maintained which is called a retained object.
Example:
a. Indirect object (Indirect object)
Active voice:
I gave her a book.
Passive voice:
A book was given to her by me.
(“her” in active voice is the object used or retained (retained object), while "her" is in the
passive Voice is an indirect object)
b) Direct object (Direct object)
Active voice:
I gave her a book.
Passive voice:
She was given a book by me.
(“book” in active voice is the object used or retained (retained object). While "book" on
passive voice is a direct object)
4) The objective complement becomes the subjective complement when the verb transitive
from active voice to passive voice.
Example :
Active voice :
They elected him president. (complement for object)
Passive voice :
He was elected president (by them). (complement to subject)
(“president” in the active voice is a complement to the object, while "president" in the
passive voice is a complement for subjects).
5) Form tenses for active voice which is changed to passive voice:

Pay attention to the example of active voice being changed to passive voice in
below:
Active Voice :
• He helps his friend.
• He doesn't help his friend.
• Does he help his friend?
Passive Voice :
• His friend is helped by him.
• His friend isn't helped by him.
• Is his friend helped by him?
10 EXAMPLESi OF PASSIVE VOICE

1. I noticed that a window had been left open.
2. Every year thousands of people are killed on our roads.
3. All the cookies have been eaten
4. My car has been stolen!
5. The food is cooked by Lily.
6. The car was driven by my brother.
7. I noticed that door had been left open.
8. The dishes had been washed before my mom arrived.
9. The dress will be being delivered tomorrow.
10. This house was built by my father.
3. If Conditional Sentences
DEFINITION ABOUT CONDITIONAL SENTENCES :
Conditional sentences are natural language sentences that express that one thing is contingent on
something else, e.g. "If it rains, the picnic will be cancelled." They are so called because the impact of
the main clause of the sentence is conditional on the dependent clause.
Formula for Conditional Sentences:
Type 0: if+simple present, simple presen

Type 1: if+ simple present, will + V1
Type 2: if + simple past, would + V1
Type 3: if + past perfect, would/wouldn`t have been + V3
Example for Conditional Sentences:

Type 0:
1. "If it rains, water falls from the sky"
2. "If you heat ice, it melts."
3. "If it rains, I bring an umbrella."
4. "If I have free time, I watch football match."
5. "If I eat, I'm full."
6. "If we study, we pass the exams easily."
7. "If I commit suicide, I die."
8. "If she sleep late, she sleepy at school."
9. "If you are feeling cold, go get a blanket."
10. "If I not drink water, I thirsty."
Type 1:
1. "If I study hard, I will pass the exam."
2. "If she eat too much, she will get sick."
3. "If I swim, I will drown."
4. "If I learn motorcyle, I will be able to ride them."
5. "If I play with electricity, I will get electrocuted."
6. "If my cats die, i will be sad."
7. "If he doesn't keep his promise, I will be angry."
8. "If I don't eat, then I will have a stomach ache."
9. "If you ask me, I will answer you."
10. "If I don't drink, I will get dehydrated."
Type 2:
1. "If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky."
2. "If I were rich, I would travel the world."
3. "If the earth was destroyed, I would play tennis."
4. "If I studied hard, I would get sick."
5. "If I were him, I would buy an expensive car."
6. "If i had a plane, i would go around the world."
7. "If I found his address, I would send him an invitation."
8. "If it was rainy, I would bring an umbrella."
9. "If I did not overslept, my teacher would not give me punishment."
10. "If I had made a big mistake in my life, i would feel like the stupidest person."
Type 3:
1. "If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam."
2. "If they had left earlier, they wouldn't have missed the train."
3. "If I had known, I would have helped you."
4. "If I had recovered, I would have gone to school."
5. "If the traffic had been buzy, we would have missed our flight."
6. "If I had waken up early, I would have come on time."
7. "If he had known the schedule, he would have come on time."
8. "If he had studied in university, he would have become a great doctor."
9. "If she had taken the train, she would not have arrived late."
10. "Rauf would have passed the exam if he had studied harder."
4. Direct & Indirect Speech

1. Direct Speech
Direct speech (direct sentences) are words or sentences spoken directly by the speaker (first
person) and written as is.
Example : She says, "I am a clever student."
Things that must be paid attention to in the form of Direct Speech, namely:
a. Reporting Verbs (which report) and Reported Words (which are reported) are separated by
commas (,).
b. Reported words in direct sentences are written in quotation marks.
c. Reporting Verbs can also be called Reporting Sentences, Reported Words can also be called
Reported Speech (reported sentences).
d. The location of the reporting verb does not have to be at the beginning of the sentence, but
can be at the end of the sentence. Consider the following example:
He said, "It's time to go away."
He said : Reporting verb, "It's time to go away." : Reported words
Can be:
“It is time to go away,” He said.
"It's time to go away." : Reported words, He said : Reporting verb
To make good direct speech, you must master English grammar
2. Indirect Speech
Indirect speech is a sentence spoken to convey someone's statement.
Example: She says that he is a clever student.
Things that must be paid attention to in indirect sentences, namely:
a. Reporting Verbs and Reported Words are connected by conjunctions.
b. In indirect speech, quotation marks are not needed.
Forms of Indirect Speech :
a. The form of an indirect sentence where the introductory word is in Present Tense, so the
direct sentence does not experience a change in tense.
Example : She says, "I am a clever student."
b. In the form of an indirect sentence where the introductory word is in Past Tense, the
sentence undergoes changes, namely tense, personal pronouns, and information about place.
Indirect Speech is related to the use of past tense
Changes to Time Information
Adverb of Time
a. now becomes then
b. today becomes that day
c. yesterday becomes the day before, the previous day
d. last night becomes the night before
e. last week becomes the week before
f. a week ago becomes a week before
g. a month ago becomes a month before
h. tomorrow becomes the following day, the next day
i. next week becomes the following week
j. next month becomes the following month
k. next year becomes the following year
Adverb of Place
a. here becomes there
b. this becomes that
c. these becomes those
Change from Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
A. Statement
A statement sentence uses an introductory word
– If the speaker reports back what someone else said, then it is a noun
in the sentence must change.
Direct Speech:
Ana says to nana, “I am late.”
Ana said to Nana, “I'm late.”
Indirect Speech:
Ana says to Nana that she is late.
Ana said to Nana that she was late.
– If the speaker reports himself, then the personal pronouns (I, My, Me) remain.
Direct Speech:
I said, "I will leave the country."
Indirect Speech:
I said I would leave the country.
10 EXAMPLES OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

1. Direct Speech: She said, "I am sorry."
Indirect Speech: She said that she was sorry.
2. Direct Speech: He says, "I eat your popcorn."
Indirect Speech: He says that he ate my popcorn.
3. Direct Speech: Mother said, "I make spaghetti for you and your sister."
Indirect Speech: Mother said that she made spaghetti for me and my sister.
4. Direct Speech: Tata shouted, "I am tired!"
Indirect Speech: Tata shouted that she was tired.
5. Direct Speech: Imran reported, "The fire noodle is tasty."
Indirect Speech: Imran reported that the fire noodle was tasty.
6. Direct Speech: Desy said, "My mother is scary when she is angry."
Indirect Speech: Desy said that her mother was scary when she was angry.
7. Direct Speech: My father told us, "I make pasta for dinner."
Indirect Speech: My father told us that he made pasta for dinner.
8. Direct Speech: "I can't find my socks!" my brother said to my mother.
Indirect Speech: My brother said to my mother that he couldn't find his socks.
9. Direct Speech: "I see a spider!" Carla shouted in my ear.
Indirect Speech: Carla shouted in my ear that she saw a spider.
10. Direct Speech: "We watch movie together," Ryan told.
Indirect Speech: Ryan told me that they watched movie together.
5. Offering Services
INTRODUCTION
Offering itself means the action of someone offering something. And in this case, the action was
carried out voluntarily without coercion from anyone. Asking help is a phrase or expression for asking
other people for help when you need help. Meanwhile, offering help is an expression for offering
help. This phrase or expression can also be formal and informal. You must be able to adjust which
expressions are suitable in formal situations and which expressions are suitable for informal
situations
Social Function Offering Help and Service
Surely many of you are asking, what is the social function of Offering Help and Service? So, its social
function is to help interpersonal relationships between fellow human beings. Because by offering
help and services to people in need, it shows that at least we care about the fellow humans around
us and are sensitive to the current situation.
Examples of Offering Help and Service Sentences
So, next we will discuss several examples of sentences that can be used to offer help and service,
both formally and informally.
1. Formal
The following is an example sentence for offering help and service formally:
 Might I help at all? (Apakah ada yang bisa saya bantu?)

 If you need any assistance, please call me. (Kalau anda butuh bantuan, tolong panggil saya)
 Perhaps, I could assist in some way? (Mungkin, saya bisa membantu beberapa hal?)
 May I be an assistant? (Bolehkah saya membantu?)
 Do you mind if I help you? (Apakah anda keberatan jika saya membantu anda?)
 Do you need any help? (Apakah anda membutuhkan bantuan?)
 Let me help you (Biarkan saya membantu anda)
Examples of Asking for Help Sentences in Formal Situations
 Vio, Mr. Budi told me to take this book to his room on the third floor. I can do it with some
help, please.
 Mommy, would you be willing to help me please? I’m having difficulty doing my homework.
 Excuse me, my car is suddenly having a strike. Could you possibly help me to fix it?
2. Informal
The following is an example sentence for Offering Help and Service informally:
 Do you want me to ……? (Kamu mau aku ……?)

 Can I get you? (Bisa aku tolongin kamu?)
 What if I help you? (Gimana kalau aku bantuin kamu?)
 Have ……? (Mau …….?)
 I’ll ……., if you like. (Aku akan ……, kalau kamu mau)
 Let me help you! (Biarin aku bantuin kamu)
 Examples of Asking for Help Sentences in Informal Situations
 Can you help me to make a cup of coffee for our customer?

 Daddy is craving spaghetti for dinner, but I don’t know how to make it. Can I ask a favor?
 I have to dress up for my
boyfriend’s birthday
party, I really need you to help
me.
Example of the expression of receiving (accepting help)
So apart from offering help, we can also respond when someone offers us help. The following are
several examples of response sentences to answer Offering Help and Service, both formally and
informally.
1. Formal
Here are some examples of Responding Offer sentences that you can use in formal situations.
 Yes, please (Iya, tolong)

 Yes, please do (Iya, tolong lakukan)
 Yes, thank you (Iya, terimakasih)
 Of course (tentu saja)
 I will do it for you.
 Yes, I can help you.
 Yes, how can I help you?
 Yes, no problem.
2. Informal
Here are some examples of Responding Offer sentences that you can use in informal
situations.
 Of course (Tentu)
 Sure (tentu)
 What a good idea (Ide bagus)
 I’d like to help you.
 I’d be happy to help you.
 Sure, what can I do for you?
 Sure, I would be glad to help you.
Examples of Expressions for Refusing (Refusing to Help)
If you can’t help, it’s okay to refuse , guys . Don’t be afraid to say “no”. However, try to refuse in a
polite and friendly manner . Here’s an example of the expression:
 I’m afraid I can’t do it.

 Sorry I can’t.
 Sorry, I’m busy right now.
 I’m sorry, I can’t help you now.
Example of a Rejection Response ( Declining )
Now how do you refuse offers of help from other people without offending the feelings of people
who are kind enough to want to help us? Here’s how.
 Thanks, but you don’t need to.

 I can do it myself.
 Thank you, but I can handle it.
 That’s very kind of you, but I don’t think it is necessary.
 You don’t need to bother yourself. Thanks.
QUESTION
1.
 Liz: Hello, Rei. Where have you been?
 Rei: Hi, Liz. I just bought a few kilograms of apples at the market.
 Liz: Do you need help carrying the apples?
 Rei: ………
Rei wants to accept the help that Liz provides. The correct response to complete the dialogue is….
a. I will help you
B. I don’t know
C. Goodbye
D. of course, that’s very kind of you
e. Why?.
Jawaban : D
2.
 Ricky: What’s wrong with your camera, Vin?
 Gavin: The lense doesn’t focus well.
 Ricky : ...?
 Gavin: No, thanks. I can fix it myself.
Complete the empty Ricky dialogue in the conversation...
a. will you bring it to a repairman
b. should I change it
c. Do you need some help
d. have you had it repaired
e. would you buy a new one
Jawaban: c
6. Caption
READING COMPREHENSION
1. NARRATIVE TEXT
What exactly is a narrative text?
Simply put, a narrative text is a type of text that tells a story or describes a sequence of events. The
purpose of a narrative text is to entertain or inform the reader by presenting a series of events in a
coherent and engaging way.
What are the characteristics of narrative text?
1. Using past tenses
Narrative texts often contain past tense because they typically recount events or stories that have
already occurred. Using the past tense helps to create a sense of time and sequence, which enables the
reader to follow the plot and understand the progression of events. Also, writing in the past tense
gives context and shows a clear link between actions and their results, which helps the reader get into
the story and understand what the characters are going through.
Here’s an example:
“Once upon a time, in a small village, there lived a kind, generous old man. One day, as he was
walking through the forest, he stumbled upon a giant squash. Amazed, he inched closer.”
In this example, the use of past tenses such as “lived”, “was walking”, “stumbled”, “amazed” and
“inched” is used to describe past events.
2. Using adverbial of time
Narrative texts often use adverbials of time to provide a clear structure and sense of progression to the
story. These time expressions help the reader understand when events are happening, how they are
related to one another, and the overall flow of the narrative. By providing a context for the sequence
of events, adverbials of time create a more vivid and engaging reading experience.
They enable the reader to follow the plot more easily and immerse themselves in the story, as they can
visualize the events unfolding within a specific timeframe.
“Early one morning, Sarah decided to go for a jog in the park. As she jogged, the sun began to rise,
casting a golden glow over the trees. Later that day, she met her friends for lunch and shared her
morning adventure with them.”
In this example, adverbials of time such as “early one morning,” “as she jogged,” and “later that day”
are used to provide context and indicate the sequence of events, helping the reader understand when
each action took place.
3. Using adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns, or, put it simply, adjectives are words that give
more information about a noun such as its color, shape, size, characteristics, etc. In narrative text,
adjectives help create a more detailed and vivid story.
Example: “The brave knight entered the dark, mysterious forest, ready to face any challenges that lay
ahead.”
In this example, the adjectives “brave,” “dark,” and “mysterious” add depth to the description, giving
the reader a clearer sense of the knight’s personality and the atmosphere of the forest.
4. Using noun phrases
A noun phrase is a group of words that contains a noun along with any accompanying modifiers, such
as adjectives, adverbs, or other nouns that provide more information about the main noun. Noun
phrases help create detailed and vivid descriptions in stories. In narrative texts, noun phrases can be
used to give more detailed descriptions, highlight certain parts of a character or setting, or explain
complicated ideas concisely.
Example: “The bright morning sun cast a golden glow on the calm waters of the lake, creating a
breathtaking view.”
In this example, the noun phrases are “the bright morning sun” and “the calm waters of the lake.”
These phrases provide more detailed descriptions, with “the bright morning sun” referring to the sun
and “the calm waters of the lake” highlighting the lake’s peaceful appearance.
What is the purpose and social function of a narrative text?
The purpose of a narrative text is to tell a story or recount a series of events in an engaging and
entertaining way for the reader. Some narrative texts may also have didactic or instructive purposes,
such as teaching moral lessons or sharing information about historical events or specific cultural
traditions. And yes, narrative texts also have social functions, which include entertaining, providing
information, and of course, educating the readers.
So, what does the structure of a narrative text look like?

1. Orientation
Orientation sets the stage for the story. Ideally, the orientation should answer the questions “who,”
“where, and “when.” So, when reading the orientation part, we should be able to identify the character
and setting (both time and place) of the story.
2. Complication
This section contains the problems that occur within a story. It is divided into three parts, namely:
Rising action: Problems begin to emerge
Climax: Peak of the problem
Falling action: The tension of the problem begins to decrease, and the solution starts to emerge
3. Resolution
The resolution is the part of the narrative where the conflict or problem introduced earlier in the story
is resolved or addressed. This may involve characters finding a solution to their issues, overcoming
obstacles, or experiencing personal growth. The resolution helps tie up loose ends, providing closure
for the reader and allowing them to see how the events of the story have impacted the characters.
4. Re-orientation / Evaluation
Re-orientation, also known as evaluation, is an optional component of a narrative text that serves to
reflect on the story and its events, reinforcing the moral lesson or theme. This section typically
appears at the end of the story, providing a summary or commentary on the characters’ experiences
and the consequences of their actions. It helps the reader understand the significance of the story and
encourages them to consider the message or lesson the author intended to convey.
The points mentioned above are the basic components of a narrative text structure, but it is important
to note that not all narrative texts follow this exact structure. Some narratives may include additional
elements, such as flashbacks, multiple perspectives, or non-linear timelines. Nevertheless, the basic
structure described above provides a useful framework for understanding and analyzing narrative
texts.
Types of narrative texts:

There are lots of different kinds of narrative texts, such as:
1. Fictional narrative
A fictional narrative is a story that is not based on real events or real people. It can be a novel, short
story, fable, or fairy tale.
2. Autobiography
An autobiography is a narrative text that tells the life story of the author, written from a first-person
perspective.
3. Biography
A biography is a narrative text that tells the life story of someone other than the author, written from a
third-person perspective.
4. Memoir
A memoir is a narrative text that focuses on a particular period or event in the author’s life, often
written from a first-person perspective.
5. Legend
A legend is kind of a folklore. It’s a traditional story that has been passed on for generations – it often
explains the origins of a particular culture or society.
Example of a narrative text

In a dense forest filled with vibrant, mystical creatures, there lived a gentle deer named Luna. Her
silver coat shimmered in the moonlight, and her sparkling blue eyes held the wisdom of the ages.
Luna was beloved by all, as she had the unique ability to heal the wounds and ailments of others.
One day, a fearsome beast invaded the forest, causing chaos and despair among its inhabitants. The
once harmonious realm was now filled with fear and anguish, as the beast’s rampage left destruction
in its wake. The forest dwellers turned to Luna, seeking her guidance and help to face this grave
threat.
Luna, understanding the magnitude of the situation, embarked on a journey to confront the beast.
Along the way, she encountered various challenges and tests of courage, each one strengthening her
resolve and preparing her for the upcoming confrontation. She also gained valuable allies, as the
creatures of the forest united to stand by her side.
Finally, Luna and her companions reached the beast’s lair. As they approached, they discovered
that the creature’s ferocious demeanor masked a deep pain – a thorn embedded in its paw. Luna,
moved by compassion, used her healing touch to remove the thorn and soothe the beast’s pain.
With the thorn gone, the beast’s anger subsided, revealing a gentle giant grateful for Luna’s
kindness. The forest dwellers and the beast formed an alliance, promising to protect and care for one
another.
As peace returned to the forest, Luna’s wisdom and compassion became the guiding light for
generations to come. Through her actions, she taught her fellow creatures the importance of
understanding and empathy, even in the face of fear and uncertainty.
The moral of the story is empathy and understanding can transform conflict into friendship, and
true strength lies in the ability to see beyond our fears to find common ground

True Friends
Once upon a time, there were two close friends who were walking through the forest together.
They knew that anything dangerous can happen any time in the forest. So they promised each other
that they would always be together in any case of danger.
Suddenly, they saw a large bear getting closer toward them. One of them climbed a nearby tree at
once. But unfortunately the other one did not know how to climb up the tree. So being led by his
common sense, he lay down on the ground breathless and pretended to be a dead man.
The bear came near the one who was lying on the ground. It smelt in his ears, and slowly left the
place because the bears do not want to touch the dead creatures. After that, the friend on the tree came
down and asked his friend who was on the ground, "Friend, what did the bear whisper into your
ears?" The other friend replied, "Just now the bear advised me not to believe a false friend".
Moral of the story: True friend in need's a friend indeed.

Fox and A Cat
One day, a cat and a fox were having a conversation. The fox, who was a conceited creature,
boasted how clever she was. "Why, I know at least a hundred tricks to get away from our mutual
enemies, the dogs," she said. "I know only one trick to get away from dogs," said the cat. "You should
teach me some of yours!". "Well, maybe someday, when I have the time, I may teach you a few of the
simpler ones", replied the fox airily.
Just then they heard the barking of a pack of dogs in the distance. The barking grew louder and
louder - the dogs were coming in their direction! At once the cat ran to the nearest tree and climbed
into its branches, well out of reach of any dog. "This is the trick I told you about, the only one I
know", said the cat. "Which one of your hundred tricks are you going to use?".
The fox sat silently under the tree, wondering which trick she should use. Before she could make
up her mind, the dogs arrived. They fell upon the fox and tore her to pieces.
Moral of the story: A single plan that works is better than a hundred doubtful plans.
The Legend of Toba Lake
In the past, there lived a young orphan farm in the northern part of the island of Sumatra. Syahdan,
the young man made his life from farming and fishing. One day while he was fishing he got a fish
which was so beautiful in golden brown. While he was holding it, the fish turned into a beautiful
princess. The princess was a woman who was condemned for violating the prohibitions and it would
turn into a kind of creature who first touched it. Because at that time the human touched it, then it
turned into a princess.
Fascinated by her beauty, the young man asked her to be his wife. The application was accepted on
condition that the young man was not allowed to tell the origin of the princess who came originally
from fish. The young man agreed to this requirement. Having got married for a year, the couple got a
boy but he had a bad habit that he never felt satisfied while he was eating. He ate all the food.
One day the boy ate all the food that should be given to his father. The young man then so angrily
said: "basically you are the offspring of fish!" That statement by itself unlocked the secrets of his wife
and broke his promise.
Shortly afterwards, his wife and son magically disappeared. Suddenly in the land of their former
footsteps went out the springs which were very heavy. The water flew from these springs continuously
and the longer it happened the larger it would be. Finally, these springs became a vast lake. The lake is
now called Toba Lake

Sangkuriang and Dayang Sumbi
Once upon a time, a happy family lived in a kingdom in Priangan Land. They were a father in the
form of a dog, his name was Tumang, a mother who was called Dayang Sumbi, and a child who was
called Sangkuriang. One day, Dayang Sumbi asked her son to hunt with his lovely dog, Tumang. After
hunting all day, Sangkuriang became desperate and worried because he hunted no deer. Then he
thought of shooting his dog. After that, he took the dog’s liver and carried it home.
Soon, Dayang Sumbi found out that it was not deer lever but Tumang’s dog. So, She was furious
and hit Sangkuriang’s head. In that incident, Sangkuriang got wounded, and a scar was cast away
from their home.
Years passed, and Sangkuriang traveled to many places and finally arrived at a village. He met a
beautiful woman and fell in love with her. When they were discussing their wedding plans, the
woman looked at the wound on Sangkuriang’s head. It matched her son’s wound, who had left several
years earlier. Soon she realized that she had fallen in love with her son.
She couldn’t marry him, but how to say it? Then, she found the way. She needed a lake and a boat
to celebrate their wedding day. Sangkuriang had to make them one night before sunrise. He built a
lake. With dawn just a moment away, the boat was almost complete. Dayang Sumbi had to stop it.
Then, she lit up the eastern horizon with flashes of light. It made the cock crowded for a new day.
Sangkuriang failed to marry her. He was outraged and then kicked the boat. It felt over and became
the mountain of Tangkuban Perahu Bandung.
The Haunted House
There was an old, abandoned house on the outskirts of town that was said to be haunted. People
who entered the house never returned, and strange noises and voices could be heard coming from
inside.
One day, a group of teenagers decided to explore the house. They found an old diary that revealed
the history of the house. It belonged to a family who had been murdered by a deranged relative who
had been living in the house.
As they were exploring, they began to hear strange noises and saw ghostly apparitions. They tried
to leave, but the doors and windows were all locked. They were trapped inside the haunted house with
no way out.
As the night wore on, they became more and more terrified. The ghosts of the murdered family
began to appear, and the teenagers were forced to relive their brutal deaths. In the morning, the house
was found empty, with no sign of the teenagers. It is said that they are still trapped inside the haunted
house to this day.
2. Explanation Text
An Explanation text is a piece of non-fiction writing explaining an action process or event in a
detailed but simple way. It features numbered points, time connectives, pictures, diagrams, labels and
captions to help the receiver understand the process of what's being delivered.
a. Title
Explanations have a title that prepares and leads the reader to the text.This can appear in avariety of
forms from a heading that names the action to a how and why question or a problemthat is to be
answered by the explanation.
b. General statement
The first paragraph has a general statementthat introduces or identifies the scientific ortechnical
phenomenon. It gives the audiencea brief introduction to the event or thing andan understanding of
the type of text that isto follow.
c. Sequenced explanation
At this stage students’ explanations are developing causal relationships as well as sequential ones. The
logically sequenced paragraphs explain why or how something happens rather than focusing on an
object.
d. Closing / Concluding statement
An optional concluding statement can tie up the explanation.
Example 1 :
• Title
How Do Fish Breathe?
• General statement
All animals breathe just like humans. How they breathe, however, varies. Breathe by inhaling oxygen
and exhaling carbon dioxide as waste. Air flows in through the human’s nose or mouth into the lungs
where oxygen is transported through the blood to the rest of the human body. Humans need air to
breathe. So, what does that mean for animals that live in the water?
• Sequenced Explanation
Like humans, fish also need oxygen and emit carbon dioxide to survive. But using the lungs, these
creatures that live in water use organs called gills. The gills are organs located on the sides of the
fish’s head. These gills have many small blood vessels called capillaries.
When the fish opens, the water will flow over the gills. After that, the blood in the capillaries will pick
up oxygen that is soluble in water. The blood then moves through the fish’s body to provide oxygen
throughout the body, just like in humans.
All bony fish also have a bony plate called an operculum. This operculum is useful for opening and
closing to protect the gills. Breathing underwater is difficult. The air we breathe has an oxygen
concentration of 200,000 parts per million.
Whereas water only has a concentration of 4 to 8 parts per million. This means fish need to flow a lot
of water over their gills to get the amount of oxygen to survive. In addition, the gills are very useful
for extracting the oxygen needed by fish.
Breathing becomes more difficult as the oxygen concentration decreases. Low levels of oxygen
concentration make it impossible for animals to survive. Although it can occur naturally, it can also be
created by human activity.
When pollution is high, such as waste dumped into the sea, this will cause algae blooms which then
die and decompose. Furthermore, it will cause the zone to have a low oxygen concentration level of
oxygen
• Closing / Concluding statement

Fish need clean water to breathe. Similarly, humans need clean air to breathe. Humans can help these
gilled creatures to thrive by keeping their habitat free of pollutants.
Example 2 :
• Title
The Water Cycle

. Water is an essential part of life. The earth has a limited amount of water, however, water is
continuallyrecycled in a process called the water cycle. It is made up of four main parts: precipitation,
infiltration, evaporation, and condensation.
• Sequenced explanation
To begin with, precipitation occurs when so much water has formed that the air cannot hold it any
longer. The clouds become heavier and as a result, water falls back to the earth in the form of rain,
hail, sleet, or snow.
When water falls back to the earth as precipitation, it may fall back into the oceans, lakes, or rivers or
it may end up on land. When it ends up on land, it soaks into the earth and is stored as groundwater.
This process is called infiltration.
Evaporation is when the sun heats up water in rivers, lakes, or oceans and turns it into vapor or steam.
The water vapor or steam leaves the river, lake, or ocean and goes into the air. This stage is called
evaporation.
The water vapor cools and this leads to clouds forming. However, the clouds are unable to hold the
water vapor for a long. As a result, rain droplets form and it starts to rain. This process is called
condensation.
3. Descriptive Text
Definition of Descriptive Text

Descriptive text is a text that explains wbout whether a person or an object is like, whether its form,
its properties, its amount and others. The purpose of the descriptive
text is clear, that is to describe, represent or reveal a person or an object, either abstract or concrete.
Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

When writing descriptive text, there are some generic structures
(actually not mandatory) for our writing to be true. The arrangement
Is:
a. Identification: (contains about the introduction of a person,
Place, animal or object will be described.
b. Description: contains a description of something such as
Animal, things, place or person by decribing its features, forms,
Colors, or anything related to what the writer describe.
Purpose of Descriptive text

a. To describe person, thing or place in specific
b. To describe a particular person, thing or place.
Language Feature of Descriptive Text1.
1. Specific participant : has a certain object, is not common and
Unique (only one). For example: Bandengan beach, my house,
Borobudur temple, uncle Jim.
2. The use of the adjective (an adjective) to clarify the noun, for
Example: a beautiful beach, a handsome man, the famous place
In jepara, etc.
3. The use of simple present tense: The sentence pattern used is
Simple present because it tells the fact of the object described.
4. Action verb: verbs that show an activity (for example, run,
Sleep, walk, cut etc….
Example of Descriptive Text

Pink Beach
Pink Beach is one of the beaches in Komodo Island, East Nusa Tenggara. The beach is called Pink
Beach because the sand beach is pink.
The pink color of its beach is a mixture of white sand beach colors
Mixed with crushed coral, shells, calcium carbonate from marine
Invertebrates that are very small, and also Foraminifera, microscopic
Amoeba that has a red body shell.
At Pink Beach, there are so many marine organisms. No fewer than
1,000 species of fish, 260 species of coral, and 70 species of sponge
Can be found here. Having so much marine life, this place is a proper
Spot for snorkeling and diving for sea sports lovers.
The Sea Eagle

The sea eagle has color feathers is light brown. It has a strong and sharp yellowish beak. It claws are
very sharp. It hunts for fish in the sea but sometimes in hunts chickens and small birds.
Eagles have many sizes, shapes and colors, but the sea eagle is easy to recognize because it has
astrong a streamlined, sharp beak, and a stream-line bod. It forelimbs (or arms) serve a wings.
This means that they are a little use for anything expect flying. On walks on two legs and has a very
flexible neck and strong beak to handle foods, to care for its feathers, and for many other jobs that
none-flying animals do with paws, claws, or hands on their forelimbs.
4.Discussion Text
What is a discussion text?
Imagine you and your friends are chatting about a topic, and each of you has a different
perspective or opinion.
A discussion text is like that conversation written down!
It’s all about presenting various viewpoints and arguments, so that readers can understand the
different aspects and make their own informed decisions.
What are the purposes of a discussion text?
Inform: A discussion text aims to inform readers about a particular topic, issue, or question by
presenting different perspectives, opinions, or arguments.
Encourage critical thinking: By exploring various viewpoints, discussion texts encourage
readers to think critically, analyze different perspectives, and develop their own opinions.
Stimulate debate: By presenting contrasting ideas, discussion texts can spark conversations
and debates among readers, fostering a deeper understanding of the issue at hand.
What are the characteristics of a discussion text?

1. Thinking verbs
These verbs describe mental processes or cognitive actions, such as thinking, believing,
understanding, considering, or assuming. They can be employed in a discussion text to
present the thoughts or opinions of the writer, experts, or others involved in the debate.
Example: Many believe that the government should invest more in renewable energy.
2. Modal verbs
Modal verbs (such as can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must) express
possibility, probability, necessity, or obligation. They can be used in discussion texts to
indicate the level of certainty or commitment to a particular viewpoint.
Example: Parents should encourage their children to read more books.
3. Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manners describe how an action is performed, giving more information about a
verb. They can be helpful in a discussion text to provide emphasis or to clarify the way a
point is being made. Some common adverbs of manners include clearly, quickly, slowly,
carefully, and strongly.
Example: The economy has grown rapidly in recent years, leading to an increase in job
opportunities.
4. Connectives
Connectives are words or phrases that link ideas, sentences, or paragraphs. They help guide
the reader through the text and show the relationships between the different arguments. Some
common connectives used in discussion texts include ‘however,’ ‘on the other hand’, ‘in
contrast’, ‘moreover’, ‘furthermore’.
Example: The new law is expected to improve public safety, however, some critics argue that
it infringes on personal freedom.
5. caption
6. offering service
A. NARRATIVE TEXT
What exactly is a narrative text?

Simply put, a narrative text is a type of text that tells a story or describes a sequence of
events. The purpose of a narrative text is to entertain or inform the reader by presenting a
series of events in a coherent and engaging way.
What are the characteristics of narrative text?
1. Using past tenses
Narrative texts often contain past tense because they typically recount events or stories that
have already occurred. Using the past tense helps to create a sense of time and sequence,
which enables the reader to follow the plot and understand the progression of events. Also,
writing in the past tense gives context and shows a clear link between actions and their
results, which helps the reader get into the story and understand what the characters are going
through.
“Once upon a time, in a small village, there lived a kind, generous old man. One day, as he
was walking through the forest, he stumbled upon a giant squash. Amazed, he inched closer.”
In this example, the use of past tenses such as “lived”, “was walking”, “stumbled”, “amazed”
and “inched” is used to describe past events.
2. Using adverbial of time
Narrative texts often use adverbials of time to provide a clear structure and sense of
progression to the story. These time expressions help the reader understand when events are
happening, how they are related to one another, and the overall flow of the narrative. By
providing a context for the sequence of events, adverbials of time create a more vivid and
engaging reading experience.
They enable the reader to follow the plot more easily and immerse themselves in the story, as
they can visualize the events unfolding within a specific timeframe.
“Early one morning, Sarah decided to go for a jog in the park. As she jogged, the sun began
to rise, casting a golden glow over the trees. Later that day, she met her friends for lunch and
shared her morning adventure with them.”
In this example, adverbials of time such as “early one morning,” “as she jogged,” and “later
that day” are used to provide context and indicate the sequence of events, helping the reader
understand when each action took place.
3. Using adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns, or, put it simply, adjectives are words
that give more information about a noun such as its color, shape, size, characteristics, etc. In
narrative text, adjectives help create a more detailed and vivid story.
Example: “The brave knight entered the dark, mysterious forest, ready to face any challenges
that lay ahead.”
In this example, the adjectives “brave,” “dark,” and “mysterious” add depth to the
description, giving the reader a clearer sense of the knight’s personality and the atmosphere
of the forest.
4. Using noun phrases
A noun phrase is a group of words that contains a noun along with any accompanying
modifiers, such as adjectives, adverbs, or other nouns that provide more information about
the main noun. Noun phrases help create detailed and vivid descriptions in stories. In
narrative texts, noun phrases can be used to give more detailed descriptions, highlight certain
parts of a character or setting, or explain complicated ideas concisely.
Example: “The bright morning sun cast a golden glow on the calm waters of the lake,
creating a breathtaking view.”
In this example, the noun phrases are “the bright morning sun” and “the calm waters of the
lake.” These phrases provide more detailed descriptions, with “the bright morning sun”
referring to the sun and “the calm waters of the lake” highlighting the lake’s peaceful
appearance.
What is the purpose and social function of a narrative text?
The purpose of a narrative text is to tell a story or recount a series of events in an engaging
and entertaining way for the reader. Some narrative texts may also have didactic or
instructive purposes, such as teaching moral lessons or sharing information about historical
events or specific cultural traditions. And yes, narrative texts also have social functions,
which include entertaining, providing information, and of course, educating the readers.
So, what does the structure of a narrative text look like?

1. Orientation
Orientation sets the stage for the story. Ideally, the orientation should answer the questions
“who,” “where, and “when.” So, when reading the orientation part, we should be able to
identify the character and setting (both time and place) of the story.
2. Complication
This section contains the problems that occur within a story. It is divided into three parts,
namely:
Rising action: Problems begin to emerge
Climax: Peak of the problem
Falling action: The tension of the problem begins to decrease, and the solution starts to
emerge
3. Resolution
The resolution is the part of the narrative where the conflict or problem introduced earlier in
the story is resolved or addressed. This may involve characters finding a solution to their
issues, overcoming obstacles, or experiencing personal growth. The resolution helps tie up
loose ends, providing closure for the reader and allowing them to see how the events of the
story have impacted the characters.
4. Re-orientation / Evaluation
Re-orientation, also known as evaluation, is an optional component of a narrative text that
serves to reflect on the story and its events, reinforcing the moral lesson or theme. This
section typically appears at the end of the story, providing a summary or commentary on the
characters’ experiences and the consequences of their actions. It helps the reader understand
the significance of the story and encourages them to consider the message or lesson the
author intended to convey.
The points mentioned above are the basic components of a narrative text structure, but it is
important to note that not all narrative texts follow this exact structure. Some narratives may
include additional elements, such as flashbacks, multiple perspectives, or non-linear
timelines. Nevertheless, the basic structure described above provides a useful framework for
understanding and analyzing narrative texts.
Types of narrative texts:

There are lots of different kinds of narrative texts, such as:
1. Fictional narrative
A fictional narrative is a story that is not based on real events or real people. It can be a novel,
short story, fable, or fairy tale.
2. Autobiography
An autobiography is a narrative text that tells the life story of the author, written from a first-
person perspective.
3. Biography
A biography is a narrative text that tells the life story of someone other than the author,
written from a third-person perspective.
4. Memoir
A memoir is a narrative text that focuses on a particular period or event in the author’s life,
often written from a first-person perspective.
5. Legend
A legend is kind of a folklore. It’s a traditional story that has been passed on for generations –
it often explains the origins of a particular culture or society.
In a dense forest filled with vibrant, mystical creatures, there lived a gentle deer named
Luna. Her silver coat shimmered in the moonlight, and her sparkling blue eyes held the
wisdom of the ages. Luna was beloved by all, as she had the unique ability to heal the
wounds and ailments of others.
One day, a fearsome beast invaded the forest, causing chaos and despair among its
inhabitants. The once harmonious realm was now filled with fear and anguish, as the beast’s
rampage left destruction in its wake. The forest dwellers turned to Luna, seeking her guidance
and help to face this grave threat.
Luna, understanding the magnitude of the situation, embarked on a journey to confront the
beast. Along the way, she encountered various challenges and tests of courage, each one
strengthening her resolve and preparing her for the upcoming confrontation. She also gained
valuable allies, as the creatures of the forest united to stand by her side.
Finally, Luna and her companions reached the beast’s lair. As they approached, they
discovered that the creature’s ferocious demeanor masked a deep pain – a thorn embedded in
its paw. Luna, moved by compassion, used her healing touch to remove the thorn and soothe
the beast’s pain.
With the thorn gone, the beast’s anger subsided, revealing a gentle giant grateful for
Luna’s kindness. The forest dwellers and the beast formed an alliance, promising to protect
and care for one another.
As peace returned to the forest, Luna’s wisdom and compassion became the guiding light
for generations to come. Through her actions, she taught her fellow creatures the importance
of understanding and empathy, even in the face of fear and uncertainty.
The moral of the story is empathy and understanding can transform conflict into
friendship, and true strength lies in the ability to see beyond our fears to find common ground

True Friends
Once upon a time, there were two close friends who were walking through the forest
together. They knew that anything dangerous can happen any time in the forest. So they
promised each other that they would always be together in any case of danger.
Suddenly, they saw a large bear getting closer toward them. One of them climbed a nearby
tree at once. But unfortunately the other one did not know how to climb up the tree. So being
led by his common sense, he lay down on the ground breathless and pretended to be a dead
man.
The bear came near the one who was lying on the ground. It smelt in his ears, and slowly
left the place because the bears do not want to touch the dead creatures. After that, the friend
on the tree came down and asked his friend who was on the ground, "Friend, what did the
bear whisper into your ears?" The other friend replied, "Just now the bear advised me not to
believe a false friend".
Moral of the story: True friend in need's a friend indeed.

Fox and A Cat
One day, a cat and a fox were having a conversation. The fox, who was a conceited
creature, boasted how clever she was. "Why, I know at least a hundred tricks to get away
from our mutual enemies, the dogs," she said. "I know only one trick to get away from dogs,"
said the cat. "You should teach me some of yours!". "Well, maybe someday, when I have the
time, I may teach you a few of the simpler ones", replied the fox airily.
Just then they heard the barking of a pack of dogs in the distance. The barking grew louder
and louder - the dogs were coming in their direction! At once the cat ran to the nearest tree
and climbed into its branches, well out of reach of any dog. "This is the trick I told you about,
the only one I know", said the cat. "Which one of your hundred tricks are you going to use?".
The fox sat silently under the tree, wondering which trick she should use. Before she could
make up her mind, the dogs arrived. They fell upon the fox and tore her to pieces.
Moral of the story: A single plan that works is better than a hundred doubtful plans.

The Legend of Toba Lake
In the past, there lived a young orphan farm in the northern part of the island of Sumatra.
Syahdan, the young man made his life from farming and fishing. One day while he was
fishing he got a fish which was so beautiful in golden brown. While he was holding it, the
fish turned into a beautiful princess. The princess was a woman who was condemned for
violating the prohibitions and it would turn into a kind of creature who first touched it.
Because at that time the human touched it, then it turned into a princess.
Fascinated by her beauty, the young man asked her to be his wife. The application was
accepted on condition that the young man was not allowed to tell the origin of the princess
who came originally from fish. The young man agreed to this requirement. Having got
married for a year, the couple got a boy but he had a bad habit that he never felt satisfied
while he was eating. He ate all the food.
One day the boy ate all the food that should be given to his father. The young man then so
angrily said: "basically you are the offspring of fish!" That statement by itself unlocked the
secrets of his wife and broke his promise.
Shortly afterwards, his wife and son magically disappeared. Suddenly in the land of their
former footsteps went out the springs which were very heavy. The water flew from these
springs continuously and the longer it happened the larger it would be. Finally, these springs
became a vast lake. The lake is now called Toba Lake

Sangkuriang and Dayang Sumbi
Once upon a time, a happy family lived in a kingdom in Priangan Land. They were a
father in the form of a dog, his name was Tumang, a mother who was called Dayang Sumbi,
and a child who was called Sangkuriang. One day, Dayang Sumbi asked her son to hunt with
his lovely dog, Tumang. After hunting all day, Sangkuriang became desperate and worried
because he hunted no deer. Then he thought of shooting his dog. After that, he took the dog’s
liver and carried it home.
Soon, Dayang Sumbi found out that it was not deer lever but Tumang’s dog. So, She was
furious and hit Sangkuriang’s head. In that incident, Sangkuriang got wounded, and a scar
was cast away from their home.
Years passed, and Sangkuriang traveled to many places and finally arrived at a village. He
met a beautiful woman and fell in love with her. When they were discussing their wedding
plans, the woman looked at the wound on Sangkuriang’s head. It matched her son’s wound,
who had left several years earlier. Soon she realized that she had fallen in love with her son.
She couldn’t marry him, but how to say it? Then, she found the way. She needed a lake
and a boat to celebrate their wedding day. Sangkuriang had to make them one night before
sunrise. He built a lake. With dawn just a moment away, the boat was almost complete.
Dayang Sumbi had to stop it. Then, she lit up the eastern horizon with flashes of light. It
made the cock crowded for a new day.
Sangkuriang failed to marry her. He was outraged and then kicked the boat. It felt over
and became the mountain of Tangkuban Perahu Bandung.

The Haunted House
There was an old, abandoned house on the outskirts of town that was said to be haunted.
People who entered the house never returned, and strange noises and voices could be heard
coming from inside.
One day, a group of teenagers decided to explore the house. They found an old diary that
revealed the history of the house. It belonged to a family who had been murdered by a
deranged relative who had been living in the house.
As they were exploring, they began to hear strange noises and saw ghostly apparitions.
They tried to leave, but the doors and windows were all locked. They were trapped inside the
haunted house with no way out.
As the night wore on, they became more and more terrified. The ghosts of the murdered
family began to appear, and the teenagers were forced to relive their brutal deaths. In the
morning, the house was found empty, with no sign of the teenagers. It is said that they are
still trapped inside the haunted house to this day.
2. Explanation Text
An Explanation text is a piece of non-fiction writing explaining an action process or event in a
detailed but simple way. It features numbered points, time connectives, pictures, diagrams, labels and
captions to help the receiver understand the process of what's being delivered.
a. Title
Explanations have a title that prepares and leads the reader to the text.This can appear in avariety of
forms from a heading that names the action to a how and why question or a problemthat is to be
answered by the explanation.
b. General statement
The first paragraph has a general statementthat introduces or identifies the scientific ortechnical
phenomenon. It gives the audiencea brief introduction to the event or thing andan understanding of
the type of text that isto follow.
c. Sequenced explanation
At this stage students’ explanations are developing causal relationships as well as sequential ones. The
logically sequenced paragraphs explain why or how something happens rather than focusing on an
object.
d. Closing / Concluding statement
An optional concluding statement can tie up the explanation.
Example 1 :
• Title
How Do Fish Breathe?
All animals breathe just like humans. How they breathe, however, varies. Breathe by inhaling oxygen
and exhaling carbon dioxide as waste. Air flows in through the human’s nose or mouth into the lungs
where oxygen is transported through the blood to the rest of the human body. Humans need air to
breathe. So, what does that mean for animals that live in the water?
• Sequenced Explanation
Like humans, fish also need oxygen and emit carbon dioxide to survive. But using the lungs, these
creatures that live in water use organs called gills. The gills are organs located on the sides of the
fish’s head. These gills have many small blood vessels called capillaries.
When the fish opens, the water will flow over the gills. After that, the blood in the capillaries will pick
up oxygen that is soluble in water. The blood then moves through the fish’s body to provide oxygen
throughout the body, just like in humans.
All bony fish also have a bony plate called an operculum. This operculum is useful for opening and
closing to protect the gills. Breathing underwater is difficult. The air we breathe has an oxygen
concentration of 200,000 parts per million.
Whereas water only has a concentration of 4 to 8 parts per million. This means fish need to flow a lot
of water over their gills to get the amount of oxygen to survive. In addition, the gills are very useful
for extracting the oxygen needed by fish.
Breathing becomes more difficult as the oxygen concentration decreases. Low levels of oxygen
concentration make it impossible for animals to survive. Although it can occur naturally, it can also be
created by human activity.
When pollution is high, such as waste dumped into the sea, this will cause algae blooms which then
die and decompose. Furthermore, it will cause the zone to have a low oxygen concentration level of
oxygen

Fish need clean water to breathe. Similarly, humans need clean air to breathe. Humans can help these
gilled creatures to thrive by keeping their habitat free of pollutants.
Example 2 :
• Title
The Water Cycle

. Water is an essential part of life. The earth has a limited amount of water, however, water is
continuallyrecycled in a process called the water cycle. It is made up of four main parts: precipitation,
infiltration, evaporation, and condensation.
• Sequenced explanation
To begin with, precipitation occurs when so much water has formed that the air cannot hold it any
longer. The clouds become heavier and as a result, water falls back to the earth in the form of rain,
hail, sleet, or snow.
When water falls back to the earth as precipitation, it may fall back into the oceans, lakes, or rivers or
it may end up on land. When it ends up on land, it soaks into the earth and is stored as groundwater.
This process is called infiltration.
Evaporation is when the sun heats up water in rivers, lakes, or oceans and turns it into vapor or steam.
The water vapor or steam leaves the river, lake, or ocean and goes into the air. This stage is called
evaporation.
The water vapor cools and this leads to clouds forming. However, the clouds are unable to hold the
water vapor for a long. As a result, rain droplets form and it starts to rain. This process is called
condensation.
3. Discussion Text
a. Definition of Discussion Text
Discussion is a process of finding common ground between two different thoughts, views or opinions.
b. General structure of Discussion Text
1) Issue stating the issue which is to discussed
2) Argument pro presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue.
3) Argument cons: presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point.
4) Conclusion/recommendation stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse.
c. Purpose of Discussion Text

1) To present two points of view about issue or problem.
2) To present arguments from differing points of view about issue or problem.
d. Language Feature of Discussion text

1) Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
2) Using contrastive conjunction; however, on the other hand, but, in other side, although, etc
3) Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
4) Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
5) Simple present
Example:
The Pros and Cons of Social Media
Issue:
Nowadays, everyone is a member of one or more social media platforms whether it is Instagram,
Facebook, WhatsApp, Line, or other platforms. In this modern era, social media tends to form an
integral part of our lives. As a new invention, social media must have its advantages and
disadvantages in the way it affects people's lives. Let us take a look at some of these effects
comprehensively.
Argument pro:
Here are some positive effects of social media on people's lives. First, they become more informed
about current affairs. With social media, we can easily find out about what is going on in our
neighborhood, state, country, and even the entire world. It is an important way to equip ourselves with
adequate knowledge of current affairs. Besides, it helps us to study many things.
Social media platforms can be a great study tool for us. We can use them to ask each other difficult
questions that we could not solve by ourselves. It also makes it easier to form group discussions and
study groups even when we are far from each other. Furthermore, it helps people with disabilities
interact at the same level with others. On many occasions, people with disabilities do not get an equal
chance to interact with others. However, social media offers an equal opportunity for them. They can
do all of the activities that other people do on social media. This makes them realize that they are not
different from others.
Argument cons:
However, social media can also cause some negative effects on our lives. First, we are exposed to
cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is one of the most negative influences in social media especially for
teenagers. It gives a free platform for cyber bullies to bully others. The huge level of networking
offered by social media makes cyberbullying move from bad to worse. In addition, it may decrease
our productivity levels. Social media is very engaging to the people spending a lot of time on them.
They may neglect their work, friends, and family so that they can play a game or chat about various
things not related to the work. This clearly reduces their productivity levels. Furthermore, it can lead
to disclosing too much information. Social media has its own way of making people disclose much
information they would not show in real life. By giving out too much information, for example about
where one lives or what is happening to someone recently, the people could inadvertently make it
easier for those who want to do them harm.
Conclusion:
Thus, having social media can be said to be necessary. But, use it as needed and its appropriate
portions. Then, access social media at certain times as needed. It's ok for us to use social media for the
purpose of a little entertainment as long as it neither causes dependency nor disturbs social
interaction. Again, use social media according to its portion and benefits.
Pros and Cons of School Anniversary
Issue:
School anniversary are important milestones in the academic calendar, celebrated with enthusiasm
by many educational institutions. These events bring together students, alumni, and faculty to
commemorate the school’s history and achievements. However, they also come with their own set of
advantages and disadvantages.
Argument pro:
One of the main advantages of school anniversaries is their ability to foster a sense of school spirit
and pride. These events often include activities like alumni reunions, sports competitions, and cultural
performances, which can create a strong bond among current and former students. This sense of
belonging can enhance the overall school experience and encourage alumni to give back to their alma
mater.
Argument cons:
On the flip side, organizing grand school anniversary celebrations can impose a significant financial
burden on the school. Expenses related to decorations, entertainment, and catering can strain the
school’s budget. This can divert funds away from educational programs and resources that directly
benefit students, raising concerns about the allocation of resources.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, school anniversaries have both positive and negative aspects. While they play a
crucial role in fostering school pride and alumni engagement, they must be organized with fiscal
responsibility in mind. Schools should strike a balance between celebrating their heritage and
ensuring that the financial resources invested in these events do not detract from the primary mission
of providing quality education. Careful planning and fundraising efforts can help make school
anniversaries a meaningful and sustainable tradition for years to come.
6. Descriptive Text
Definition of Descriptive Text

Descriptive text is a text that explains wbout whether a person or an object is like, whether its form,
its properties, its amount and others. The purpose of the descriptive
text is clear, that is to describe, represent or reveal a person or an object, either abstract or concrete.
Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

When writing descriptive text, there are some generic structures
(actually not mandatory) for our writing to be true. The arrangement
Is:
a. Identification: (contains about the introduction of a person,
Place, animal or object will be described.
b. Description: contains a description of something such as
Animal, things, place or person by decribing its features, forms,
Colors, or anything related to what the writer describe.
Purpose of Descriptive text

a. To describe person, thing or place in specific
b. To describe a particular person, thing or place.
Language Feature of Descriptive Text1.

1. Specific participant : has a certain object, is not common and
Unique (only one). For example: Bandengan beach, my house,
Borobudur temple, uncle Jim.
2. The use of the adjective (an adjective) to clarify the noun, for
Example: a beautiful beach, a handsome man, the famous place
In jepara, etc.
3. The use of simple present tense: The sentence pattern used is
Simple present because it tells the fact of the object described.
4. Action verb: verbs that show an activity (for example, run,
Sleep, walk, cut etc….
Example of Descriptive Text

Pink Beach
Pink Beach is one of the beaches in Komodo Island, East Nusa Tenggara. The beach is called Pink
Beach because the sand beach is pink.
The pink color of its beach is a mixture of white sand beach colors
Mixed with crushed coral, shells, calcium carbonate from marine
Invertebrates that are very small, and also Foraminifera, microscopic
Amoeba that has a red body shell.
At Pink Beach, there are so many marine organisms. No fewer than
1,000 species of fish, 260 species of coral, and 70 species of sponge
Can be found here. Having so much marine life, this place is a proper
Spot for snorkeling and diving for sea sports lovers.
The Sea Eagle

The sea eagle has color feathers is light brown. It has a strong and sharp yellowish beak. It claws are
very sharp. It hunts for fish in the sea but sometimes in hunts chickens and small birds.
Eagles have many sizes, shapes and colors, but the sea eagle is easy to recognize because it has
astrong a streamlined, sharp beak, and a stream-line bod. It forelimbs (or arms) serve a wings.
This means that they are a little use for anything expect flying. On walks on two legs and has a very
flexible neck and strong beak to handle foods, to care for its feathers, and for many other jobs that
none-flying animals do with paws, claws, or hands on their forelimbs.
1. Discussion Text
a. Definition of Discussion Text
Discussion is a process of finding common ground between two different thoughts, views or
opinions.
b. General structure of Discussion Text
1) Issue stating the issue which is to discussed
2) Argument pro presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue.
3) Argument cons: presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point.
4) Conclusion/recommendation stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse.
c. Purpose of Discussion Text
1) To present two points of view about issue or problem.
2) To present arguments from differing points of view about issue or problem.
d. Language Feature of Discussion text
1) Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
2) Using contrastive conjunction; however, on the other hand, but, in other side, although, etc
3) Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
4) Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
5) Simple present
Example:
The Pros and Cons of Social Media
Issue:
Nowadays, everyone is a member of one or more social media platforms whether it is

Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp, Line, or other platforms. In this modern era, social media
tends to form an integral part of our lives. As a new invention, social media must have its
advantages and disadvantages in the way it affects people's lives. Let us take a look at some
of these effects comprehensively.
Argument pro:
Here are some positive effects of social media on people's lives. First, they become
more informed about current affairs. With social media, we can easily find out about what is
going on in our neighborhood, state, country, and even the entire world. It is an important
way to equip ourselves with adequate knowledge of current affairs. Besides, it helps us to
study many things.
Social media platforms can be a great study tool for us. We can use them to ask each
other difficult questions that we could not solve by ourselves. It also makes it easier to form
group discussions and study groups even when we are far from each other. Furthermore, it
helps people with disabilities interact at the same level with others. On many occasions,
people with disabilities do not get an equal chance to interact with others. However, social
media offers an equal opportunity for them. They can do all of the activities that other people
do on social media. This makes them realize that they are not different from others.
Argument cons:
However, social media can also cause some negative effects on our lives. First, we are
exposed to cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is one of the most negative influences in social
media especially for teenagers. It gives a free platform for cyber bullies to bully others. The
huge level of networking offered by social media makes cyberbullying move from bad to
worse. In addition, it may decrease our productivity levels. Social media is very engaging to
the people spending a lot of time on them.
They may neglect their work, friends, and family so that they can play a game or chat
about various things not related to the work. This clearly reduces their productivity levels.
Furthermore, it can lead to disclosing too much information. Social media has its own way of
making people disclose much information they would not show in real life. By giving out too
much information, for example about where one lives or what is happening to someone
recently, the people could inadvertently make it easier for those who want to do them harm.
Conclusion:
Thus, having social media can be said to be necessary. But, use it as needed and its
appropriate portions. Then, access social media at certain times as needed. It's ok for us to use
social media for the purpose of a little entertainment as long as it neither causes dependency
nor disturbs social interaction. Again, use social media according to its portion and benefits.
Pros and Cons of School Anniversary
Issue:
School anniversary are important milestones in the academic calendar, celebrated

with enthusiasm by many educational institutions. These events bring together students,
alumni, and faculty to commemorate the school’s history and achievements. However, they
also come with their own set of advantages and disadvantages.
Argument pro:
One of the main advantages of school anniversaries is their ability to foster a sense
of school spirit and pride. These events often include activities like alumni reunions, sports
competitions, and cultural performances, which can create a strong bond among current and
former students. This sense of belonging can enhance the overall school experience and
encourage alumni to give back to their alma mater.
Argument cons:
On the flip side, organizing grand school anniversary celebrations can impose a
significant financial burden on the school. Expenses related to decorations, entertainment,
and catering can strain the school’s budget. This can divert funds away from educational
programs and resources that directly benefit students, raising concerns about the allocation of
resources.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, school anniversaries have both positive and negative aspects. While
they play a crucial role in fostering school pride and alumni engagement, they must be
organized with fiscal responsibility in mind. Schools should strike a balance between
celebrating their heritage and ensuring that the financial resources invested in these events do
not detract from the primary mission of providing quality education. Careful planning and
fundraising efforts can help make school anniversaries a meaningful and sustainable tradition
for years to come.
4. Analytical Text
Definition of Analytical Exposition Text

Analytical Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its
social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter, and to analyze the topic that
the thesis/opinion is correct by developing an argument to support it.
Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition Text

1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s point of vview
2. Argument : Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position. The number of arguments may
vary, but each argument must be supported by evidence and eexplanation
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s point of view / to strengthen the thesis. We can use the following
phrase to make conclusion in reiteration :
From the fact above …
I personally believe …
Therefore, my conclusion is …
In conclusion …
Purpose of Analytical Exposition Text

– To convince the reader that the topics presented was an important topic to be discussed or gained
attention by way of providing arguments or opinions that support the main idea or topic.
The Characteristics / Language Feature of Analytical Exposition Text:
– Using relational process
– Using internal conjunction
– Using causal conjunction
– Using Simple Present Tense
– Using compound and complex sentence.
– Use word that link argument, such as firstly, secondly, and reasoning through causal conjunction,
such as in addition, furthermore, however, therefore.
Example of Analytical Exposition Text

Example 1
"The Benefits of Early Childhood Education"
Introduction:
Early childhood education plays a crucial role in a child’s development. It provides a foundation for
future learning and contributes to their overall growth and success. Therefore, it is important to
understand the benefits of early childhood education and support its implementation.
Arguments:
Firstly, early childhood education enhances cognitive development. During the early years,
children’s brains are rapidly developing, and quality education in a stimulating environment can foster
their cognitive skills, problem-solving abilities, and critical thinking. It lays the groundwork for a
lifelong love of learning and prepares them for academic success.
Secondly, early childhood education promotes social and emotional development. Through interaction
with peers and teachers, children learn important social skills such as sharing, communication, and
cooperation. They also develop emotional intelligence, self-regulation, and empathy, which are crucial
for building healthy relationships and navigating the challenges of life.
Furthermore, early childhood education prepares children for future success. Research shows that
children who participate in high-quality early education programs are more likely to perform well
academically, graduate from high school, and pursue higher education or successful careers. They
develop a strong foundation in literacy, numeracy, and problem-solving, setting them up for a lifetime
of achievement.
Critics may argue that early childhood education is not necessary and that children should simply play
and explore. While play is an essential part of early childhood, structured educational programs
provide a balanced approach that combines play-based learning with intentional teaching, maximizing
the child’s learning potential.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, early childhood education offers numerous benefits for children’s cognitive, social, and
emotional development. It prepares them for future success, both academically and in life. Therefore,
it is important to invest in high-quality early childhood education programs and ensure that all
children have access to these opportunities for their optimal growth and development.
Example 2
"The Impact of Social Media on Society"
Introduction:
Social media has become an integral part of our lives, transforming the way we communicate and
interact. While it offers many benefits, it is important to critically examine the impact of social media
on society and consider both its positive and negative aspects.
Arguments:
Firstly, social media enhances connectivity and communication. It allows people to connect with
friends, family, and communities regardless of geographical boundaries. It provides a platform for
sharing ideas, information, and experiences, fostering a sense of belonging and promoting cultural
exchange. It has revolutionized activism and social movements, empowering individuals to raise
awareness and create social change.
Secondly, social media has a significant impact on mental health. Excessive use of social media has
been linked to increased feelings of loneliness, depression, and anxiety. The constant exposure to
carefully curated images and unrealistic portrayals can lead to low self-esteem and body image issues,
especially among young people. It is important to use social media mindfully and promote healthy
online habits.
Furthermore, social media has influenced the spread of misinformation and fake news. The ease of
sharing information on social media platforms has led to the rapid dissemination of unverified or false
information, which can have serious consequences for society. It is crucial for individuals to critically
evaluate the information they encounter and verify its authenticity before sharing.
Conclusion:
Social media has both positive and negative impacts on society. While it enhances connectivity and
communication, it also has detrimental effects on mental health and contributes to the spread of
misinformation.
Example 3
"The Advantages of Renewable Energy Sources"
Introduction:
Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, offer numerous advantages over
traditional fossil fuels. They play a crucial role in combating climate change and promoting a
sustainable future. Therefore, it is important to understand the benefits of renewable energy and
support its widespread adoption.
Arguments:
Renewable energy sources are environmentally friendly. Unlike fossil fuels, they produce minimal
greenhouse gas emissions, reducing the impact of climate change and air pollution. They help to
mitigate global warming and decrease our dependence on finite fossil fuel reserves, promoting a
cleaner and more sustainable environment.
Renewable energy sources are abundant and inexhaustible. The sun, wind, and water are natural
resources that can be harnessed to generate clean energy. Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and
subject to depletion, renewable energy sources provide a long-term and sustainable solution to meet
our energy needs.
Furthermore, renewable energy sources offer economic benefits. The renewable energy industry has
the potential to create jobs and stimulate economic growth. Investments in renewable energy projects
can drive innovation, foster technological advancements, and provide opportunities for local
communities. It can also reduce energy costs in the long run, as renewable energy becomes more
affordable and accessible.
Conclusion:
Renewable energy sources offer significant advantages over traditional fossil fuels. They are
environmentally friendly, abundant, and provide economic benefits. By transitioning to renewable
energy, we can combat climate change, reduce pollution, and create a sustainable future. It is crucial
to support and invest in renewable energy initiatives to secure a cleaner and more prosperous planet
for future generations.
5. Hortatory Exposition Text

a. Explanation
Hortatory exposition text is a type of text in English whose aim is to convince readers to decide or
take action. Examples of hortatory exposition text are usually widely used for article texts, editorials,
speeches, and many more.
• Hortatory exposition text persuasive with supporting arguments or reasons
• Use simple present tense sentence patterns
• Using pronouns or pronouns that emphasize the subjectivity of the writer, for example "I" and
"We"
• Using sequence words to indicate order, for example first, second, next, then, and others.
B. Hortatory Exposition Text Structure

Hortatory exposition text has its own structure, starting from the introduction/thesis, arguments and
recommendation.
1.Introduction
Introduction or thesis is the author's initial explanation and opinion regarding the topic he has chosen.
2. Arguments
Arguments are reasons written by the author to support the points of his argument so that they appear
clear and strong.
3. Recommendations
Recommendation is the conclusion section which contains suggestions for readers or statements about
what should or should not be.
Example:
Mobile Phone Should be Banned in School

Introduction/thesis:
Nowadays, mobile phone user increase dramatically. Mobile phone is not only used for calling and
texting but also for taking pictures, recording video,playing games, acessing internet, and much more.
These days, mobile phone not only used by the adults but also used by teenager and students.
However, should students be allowed to bring mobile phone at school?
Argument I:
Many schools do not allow their students to bring mobile phone to school. It is very reasonable,
because bringing mobile phone to school potentially disrupt the learning process.
A lot of students use mobile phone irresponsibly. Students often use mobile phone to communicate
with their friends during the class.
They also like to take pictures with their friends in the class as well. Those can make the students less
concentrated during the teaching learning process.
Argument II:
Mobile phone also provide a large temptation for the students to cheat in a test. They can ask their
friends for an answer for the test.
Students can send text quitely without being noticed by the teacher. Learning at school is to behave
fair way not cheating.
Reccomendation:
Therefore, schools should ban their student for bringing mobile phone to school. However, in case of
an emergency and students need a call for help, schools should provide easy access to phone.
Sustainable Living to Preserve Our Planet

Introduction:
In the fast-paced world we inhabit today, the importance of sustainable living cannot be overstated.
Our actions today shape the environment for future generations. It is imperative that we recognize the
impact of our choices on the planet and take proactive steps to mitigate the environmental challenges
we face. In this hortatory text, we will delve into the reasons why embracing sustainable practices is
crucial for the well-being of our planet and its inhabitants.
Arguments:
Firstly, the escalating threat of climate change demands our immediate attention. The scientific
consensus is clear – human activities, from excessive carbon emissions to deforestation, contribute
significantly to the warming of the Earth. To combat this, adopting sustainable practices, such as
reducing our carbon footprint and embracing renewable energy sources, is not merely an option but a
necessity. Secondly, the alarming decline in biodiversity calls for urgent action. The loss of species
and ecosystems disrupts the delicate balance of nature, affecting everything from food production to
climate regulation. By incorporating sustainable habits into our daily lives, we can help preserve the
rich tapestry of life on Earth.
Recommendation:
In light of these pressing issues, I strongly recommend a collective shift towards sustainable living.
This involves conscious choices in our consumption habits, waste reduction, and supporting eco-
friendly initiatives. Governments should enact and enforce policies that promote sustainability, while
individuals can make a significant impact through small yet impactful changes in their lifestyle. By
working together to prioritize the health of our planet, we can create a sustainable legacy for future
generations. Let us take the reins of responsibility and steer our course towards a more
environmentally conscious and sustainable future.

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As we know, English is a global language that is used by almost everyone in many

1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PAPPER

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Definition of Simple Present tense :

Formula for Simple Present Tense :

Examples of Simple Present Tense :

2. (+) I go to school every monday until friday.

3. (+) She wake up 6 o`clock

4. (+)- He watch television everyday

Definition of Simple Past

Formula for Simple Past:

Example simple past tense:

2. (+) He do his homework

3. (+) She was moved to other school

4. (+) Dea was studied last night

5. (+) Shannie was made cookie for her mom

3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Formula for Present Perfect Tense :

Examples of Present Perfect Tense:

2. (+) Asep has sent me a letter

3. (+) You have watered the flowers in the garden

4. (+) My mother has watched the television

5. (+) My friend has visited me

4. PAST PERFECT TENSE

Definition of Past Perfect Tense

Formula for Past Perfect Tense :

Examples of Past Perfect Tense :

3. (+)Nora had already left when i got there

4. (+)We had completed our group assignment after they died.

5. (+)Rina had visited his grandparents before they died.

5.PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Definition of present continuous tense

Formula for present continuous tense:

Examples of present continuous tense :

2. (+) She is not wearing her glasses today.

3. (+) They are staying in the hotel for two weeks.

4. (+) The teacher is explaining a difficult concept to the students.

5. (+) The flowers are blooming in this seson

Definition of Past Continues Tense

Formula for Past Continues Tense:

Examples of Past Continues Tense:

2. (+) They were playing football when it started raining.

3. (+) You were watching TV when I called.

4. (+) She was cooking dinner at 7 PM.

5. (+) We were having a meeting at that time.

Definition of Present Future Tense

Formula for Present Future Tense

Examples of Present Future Tense

3. (+) She will join us for dinner tonight

4. (+) We will celebrate your birthday on Saturday.

5. (+) He will complete the project by the end of the week.

Defition of Past Future

Formula for Past Future :

Example for Past Future :

2.(+) I would come to lisa birthday

3.(+) He would bring me a present

5.(+) He would bring me food

9.PRESENT FUTURE GOING TO

Formula for Present Future going to :

Examples for Present Future going to:

2. (+) Jack is going to start a new business

3. (+) I am going to live in Germany