Social Sector Development in Ethiopia

Chapter Four

BY

Hagos Gemechu (Ph.D)

hagosgemechu@gmail.com
 Social sector development

1. Social policy
◦ What is social policy?
◦ What is Social service?
◦ What is social development
◦ Why we study about social development?
◦ Why we give special attention for social sector development?

2. Corruption and development

 What is corruption?
 Why looking corruption and social service?
 What is wrong with corruption
 Corruption is regular/normal. Argue
 Corruption is god for development. Argue
 What is political corruption?
 Why care about corruption?
3. Social development
 What is social policy?
 Social policy primarily refers to guidelines and interventions for
the changing, maintenance or creation of living conditions that
are conducive to human welfare.
 Social policy are education, health, housing, employment and
food for all people.
 Social policy is part of public policy but public policy is more
than that, it is economic policy, industrial policy, and also social
policy, etc.
 Thus, social policy is that part of public policy that has to do
with social issues.
 Social Policy is the study of social services and the welfare state.
 In general terms, it looks at the idea of social welfare, and its
relationship to politics and society. Why?//because social policies
have a significant impact on people's lives, shaping the distribution of
resources, social inequalities, and the overall functioning of societies.
By understanding these dynamics, policymakers can develop
strategies to address social challenges and improve the quality of life
for individuals and communities.
What dose social policy do?
What does social policy do:
 Social policy will help the community much more
improvement in different aspects for example
some come in the following:
 Quality of life
 Education
 Citizenship
 Culture
 Income
 Economic
 Resident in the rural areas and
 Other target groups/areas (pastoralist …)
What is social service?
 What is social service?
 Social services according to www.businessdictionary.com are;
◦ Benefits and facilities such as education, food subsidies,
health care, and subsidized housing provided by a
government to improve the life and living conditions of the
children, disabled, the elderly, and the poor in the national
community.
 Further explanation about the concept of social services is that;
◦ Social service helps people who are experiencing difficulties
in their daily lives to assess and understand the problems
they face, and to find solutions. The intention is to help them
live more successfully and independently, or if this is not
possible, to be cared for in a setting that meets their needs.
'
• Service Delivery is conceptualized as:
• the relationship between policy makers, service providers, and
poor people. Why?? Service delivery is conceptualized as the
effective and efficient provision of social services to address the
needs of poor people, facilitated by the collaboration between
policy makers, service providers, and the recipients of those
services.
• It encompasses services and their supporting systems that are
typically regarded as a state responsibility. These include
social services (primary education and basic health services),
infrastructure (water and sanitation, roads and bridges) and
services that promote personal security (justice, police).
• Pro-poor service delivery refers to interventions that maximize
the access and participation of the poor by strengthening the
relationships between policy makers, providers, and service
users.
Social services are a range of public services provided by
the government, private, profit and non-profit
organizations. These public services aim to create more
effective organizations, build stronger communities,
and promote equality and opportunity.
• Why state is responsible in social service delivery?
Overall, the state's responsibility in social service delivery stems
from its duty to protect and promote the well-being of its
citizens, establish a legal and regulatory framework, allocate
resources, develop infrastructure, coordinate efforts, and
promote social justice and equality.
• What is and why pro-poor social service delivery
Pro-poor social service delivery refers to the design and
implementation of social service programs and policies that
prioritize and target individuals and communities living in
Why social service delivery?
 Why social service delivery?
 The delivery of basic services is a central task of development in
general and poverty reduction in particular. Why?????b/c the
delivery of basic services is central to development and poverty
reduction as it directly impacts human well-being, tackles the root
causes of poverty, fosters human capital development, empowers
individuals and communities, promotes sustainable development, and
contributes to social stability.
 Poor people say that water, education, healthcare and personal
security are among their highest priorities, and expanding
inclusive service delivery is critical to achieving the social
Development Goals.
 Strategies to improve service delivery typically emphasize the
central role of the state in financing, providing, and regulating
services.
◦ The state bears the legal responsibility to ensure that the fundamental human
rights to security, education, and healthcare are realized.
◦ The state is also well placed to respond to the challenges of scale and market
failure in ensuring access for services to all groups.
◦ For these reasons, many development analysts have emphasized the central role
that governments play in regulating, overseeing and monitoring the delivery of
Social service delivery in difficult situation

What it makes unique?

 Social service delivery in difficult situation
 In difficult environments, donors and other international agencies have

tended to withdraw.

 While humanitarian assistance and limited support to state or non-state

actors are important, the prevalent donor response has been to curtail/limit

development efforts until the capacity and willingness of the state return to

‘normal’.

 Additionally, state weakness is not limited to a small number of isolated

cases; it is a common and enduring feature to varying degrees of many

developing countries. It has become one of the most complex development

challenges.

 For these reasons, a closer examination of strategies to ensure service

delivery in difficult environments is required.

Corruption and development
What is corruption?
Why looking corruption and social service?
What is wrong with corruption
Corruption is regular/normal. Argue
Corruption is god for development. Argue
What is political corruption?
Why care “corruption” ?
 What is corruption?
 The concept of corruption, according to Akindele (1995), has long been
Ideologically, morally, culturally, politically and intellectually elusive
to the point of losing sight of its detrimental and parasitic influence on
people and the society at large.
 Corruption involves the injection of additional but improper
transactions aimed at changing the normal course of events and
altering judgments and positions of trust. It consists in the doers' and
receivers' use of informal, extra – legal or illegal acts to facilitate
matters.
 According to Bolaji, Ibrahim and odeyemi (2010), corruption in social
administration is the mismanagement of public affairs. This involves
the various forms of looting, embezzlement, money laundering, project
abandonment, and the likes.
 Corruption can be measured by corruption Index(CPI), which ranks
countries based on how investors, political and risk analysts, and the
public perceive levels of corruption.

 The Index ranges from zero (high corruption), to 10 ( highly clean-

minimum corruption)
Forms of corruption
 Forms of corruption
 Forms of corruption: grand vs. petty

 Grand or high-level corruption

– Usually takes place at policy formulation end of politics
– “Grand” or “high” due to level at which takes place, not
amount of money “political corruption”
– Can involve appointments, inside information, policy
influence, political party financing, public official
misuse of power

 Petty or bureaucratic corruption

– Exchange of small amounts of money or favors between
the public and the low-level civil servants/bureaucrats
who are supposed to serve them
– Everyday corruption where public official meets private
citizen
What are the cause of corruption?
 Causes of corruption
1. Most Corrupt State- leader where institutions are used
by individuals as tools of plundering citizens.
2. Incompetence and inefficiency of civil service. Why and
how?????b/c Incompetence and inefficiency within the civil service
can contribute to corruption as it creates opportunities for individuals to
exploit their positions for personal gain, while the lack of effective
systems and oversight further enables corrupt practices to flourish.
3. Poverty and severe inequality in income.
4. Cultural Norms….

Klitgaard’s formula:
Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion – Accountability
(Exclusive power, limited information, no way to complain)

Is it possible to eliminate the causes of corruption? Yes or no

What is the implication of the

 No, it is not possible to completely eliminate the causes of corruption, as corruption is a
complex issue influenced by various factors including societal, economic, and political
dynamics.
 The implication of this is that efforts to combat/fight corruption should focus on
minimizing its occurrence, promoting transparency and accountability, strengthening
institutions, and creating a culture of integrity, rather than expecting complete eradication.
Corruption Debates
 Corruption Debates
• Corruption Debates- Two Views

 View 1- It may encourage inefficiency and discourage wealth

creation and growth.

 View 2: It may “grease”/oil wheels of bureaucracy, and make

government more responsive to the needs of investors and
society.

Corruption breeds corruption Why???

Which one seems correct? Argue “
Corruption breeds corruption" is a commonly used
phrase that suggests that once corruption takes root
in a system or society, it tend to perpetuate and
multiply over time. There are several reasons why
this statement can be considered correct:
The Impact of Corruption On African Economies
 The Impact of Corruption On African Economies

There are two views: The damaging effect

and the “grease” view.

The grease effect is not supported by the

evidence. Corruption continues to help ruling
elites to maintain monopoly political power.

CivilSociety is still suffering from years of

abuse by the state.
Traditional Corrupting Cleanup Strategies
 Traditional Corrupting Cleanup Strategies

 Traditional ways of controlling corruption includes: societal,

legal, market, and political

◦ Traditional: civil society norms, vigilance/care, education.

◦ Legal: Control through laws, courts, police, media.

◦ Market Strategies: reduce state control of markets- change incentives

against corrupt behavior..

◦ Political: Government decentralization, raise opportunities for citizen

participation and liberalization.

What is new with this controlling of corruption? Technology

and data-driven solutions, Whistleblower protection,
International cooperation, Public awareness and citizen
engagement, Strengthening legal frameworks and institutions
and …
 Why care about corruption?
Why we worry about corruption?
 Why care? “[Corruption]
 Why care? “[Corruption]
 The major issues why care/concern about corruption are:
a. We all are living in a corrupt environment
b. As a result, we all are impacted by the corruption practices
c. We all contribute to the corruption practices
d. Corruption breeds corruption
e. undermines development by distorting the rule of law
and weakening the institutional foundation on which
economic growth depends.
f. The harmful effects of corruption are especially
severe/ harsh on the poor. Why????
g. It aggravates inequality that could to hostility,
conflict and revolution. How???
What is social development?
 What is social development?
 The concept social development is broad, flexible, and all encompassing
depending on our own disciplinary traditions, orientations, and limited
thinking (Pawar, 2014).
 The two words social and development should be examined deeply to
define the term “social development’’.
 The root of the word social is found in Latin, where ‘socius (noun)
means ally, confederate, sharer, and partner;
 on the other hand the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary describes the
term social like emphasize, respectively, belonging, mutuality, group
living and activities to improve conditions of a society by addressing
problems and issues.
 The other term development connotes an act or a process; an act of
improving by expanding or enlarging or refining, and a process in which
something passes by degrees to different stage, especially a more
advanced or mature stage ( Dictionary .com, 2007).
 Actually, development means a process of change, growth, progress, or
evolution which ultimately supports industrialization and a multifaced
process that encopresis social, cultural, gender, political, environmental,
and economic dimensions.
 What is social development?
Social Development refers to
 Planned institutional change including social, economic and
political change for the welfare of the nation as a whole.
 Meeting basic human needs – provision of basic human
needs (such as food, health, education, water, sanitation &
housing) and others (gender development, child
development, youth development, protection from crime
and violence).
 Development activities used to build and utilize human
potential/capabilities.
 Provision of services required to develop healthy and
productive manpower.
 It is about improving the well-being of every individual in
society so they can reach their full potential. i.e investing in
people.
Characteristics of Social Development
 Characteristics of Social Development
• Since there are rich diversity of ideas in social development theory and
practice today, it is hard to specify the characteristics of social
development in a frame.
• However, Midgley (2014) mentioned eight characteristics of social development
in his two books of Social Development.

◦ First, the concept of social development invokes/raise the

notion/idea of process. Why????
◦ Second, the process of social change in social development is
progressive in nature
◦ Third, the social development process forms a part of a larger
multifaceted process comprised of economic, social, political,
environmental, gender, and other dimensions which are
integrated and harmonized.
◦ Fourth, the process of social development is interventionist in
that it requires human agency in the form of projects,
programs, policies, and plans that achieve social development
goals.
Characteristics of Social Development…
◦ Fifth, the social development process is productivism in that
practice interventions function as investments that contribute
positively to economic development.
◦ Sixth, social development is universalistic in scope, being
concerned with the population as a whole rather than with
impoverished, vulnerable, and needy groups of people.
 It also reflects wider notions of social rights, social
inclusion, and stake holding.
◦ Seventh, universalism is another required aspect of social
development that is practice directed at individuals and
households situated within community settings
◦ Finally, the goal of social development is the promotion of
social welfare. It is committed to the goal of promoting
people’s social well-being.
Education sector development
What is the role education for development?
 Education

What it comes to your mind?

What level of education is needed for development?
Definition of education
 Education sector development

• Education is a process in which people get knowledge,

skill and attitude change.
 Education ‘can be defined as the stock of skills,
competencies, and other productivity-enhancing
characteristics’
 Education sector development
• What is its importance?
• Education provides
– high individual earnings
– poverty reduction by increasing the productivity of the
poor labors;
– employment opportunity,
– better health and nutrition status,
– Lower fertility rates, greater productivity, improved health
– favorable attitude towards educating their children
 In general, education—as a critical component of a
country’s human capital—increases the efficiency of
each individual worker and helps economies to
move up the value chain beyond manual tasks or
simple production processes.
Cont.

 equipping people to participate actively in their economic

and political affairs.
 Strengthening of the institution of civic society, to
national capacity building, and good governance,
 Literacy opens the doors to better livelihoods, improved
health and expanded opportunity.
 Children with literate parents stay in school longer and
achieve more highly.
 Each extra year of education for mothers is also
associated with a significant decline in infant mortality
and improved child health.
End of Chapter four