Module 1 Psych Stat

Evolve.
Adapt.
Overcome.
CEFI is now ready.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS
MODULE 1. INTRODUCTION
Definitions, Data, Variables
& Samples
MRS. AMELIA A. JARAPA
COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS, SCIENCES & EDUCATION
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.
Why should we study Statistics?

CASE 1
Three groups of adults with depression attend different clinics. One
group receives CBT, another psychoanalysis and a third Rogerian therapy.
Are there significant differences in remission symptoms and is there
a difference between male and female patients?
Why should we study Statistics?

CASE 2
Kidd and Castano (2013) found that reading novels, as opposed to
popular fiction, non-fiction and nothing at all, improved empathy, as
represented by Theory of Mind skill.
You want to try this design out with young people with behavioral
problems and see it has an effect on social skills, attitudes and behavior.
What is Statistics?
In any organization, developing sound decisions is crucial. Decision-
makers must use all relevant information effectively. And that is the main
purpose of Statistics.
STATISTICS is an applied mathematics that deals with collection,

presentation and interpretation of data.
Typical Applications
Summarize data related to human performance and other metrics
Quantify relationships between variables related to human characteristics

and other metrics
Compare effectiveness of different methods or techniques

Key Concepts
Population is the collection of all Parameter is the characteristic of the
observable characteristic of objects population
under consideration
Eg. The average grade of Psychology
Eg. All Psychology students in CEFI AY students in CEFI AY 2023-24
2023-24
Sample is subset of the population Statistic is the characteristic of the sample
Eg. Considering the population example Eg. The average grade of the first year
above, one group of sample is the first Psychology students in CEFI for AY
year college students 2023-24.
Key Concepts
Variable is characteristic or Data are the actual values of the
measurement that can be variable
determined for each member of
a population
Eg. Average grade Eg. Ages : 1.88, 2.05, 1.20, etc.

Practice
Determine what the key terms refer to in the following study.
A study was conducted at a local college to analyze the average cumulative GPA’s of students who
graduated last year. Give the letter of the phrase that best describes each of the items below.
1. Population 2. Statistic 3. Parameter 4. Sample 5. Variable 6. Data
a) the average cumulative GPA of one student
b) 3.65, 2.80, 1.50, 3.90
c) a group of students who graduated from the college last year, randomly selected
d) the average cumulative GPA of students who graduated from the college last year
e) all students who graduated from the college last year
f) the average cumulative GPA of students in the study who graduated from the college last year
Types of Variables
QUALITATIVE / CATEGORICAL
categorical in nature and cannot be measured.
eg. sex, religion, place of birth
QUANTITATIVE / NUMERICAL
Numerical in nature and can be measured
Eg. Number of customers per day, age
 Discrete type is measured by means of counting.
eg. Number of siblings
Continuous type is measured using a device
eg. Weight, body temperature
Measurement Scales
NOMINAL. This corresponds to categorical data of no natural order, eg.
Nationality, marital status
ORDINAL. Data that represents an ordered series of relationships, eg. Social
status, costumer preferences
INTERVAL. Continuous data that measures distances between objects and
has an arbitrary zero point, eg. Temperature, IQ, etc.
RATIO. Continuous data similar as Interval except that there is an absolute

zero value, eg. Income, age
Sampling
Gathering information about an entire population often costs too
much or is virtually impossible, that is why we use a sample of the
population.
A sample is a part or subset of a population. It should have the same
characteristics as the population is representing.
The process of getting a sample from the population is known as
sampling.
Types of Sampling
1. Non Probability Sampling - involves non-random selection of
individuals as sample
2. Probability Sampling – involves random selection of individuals where

every member of the population has the chance of being chosen.
Non-Probability Sampling
This type of sampling is easier and cheaper but has higher risk of
sampling bias. That is, the inferences that can be made for the population
are weaker and limited.
Non-probability sampling techniques are usually applied in
exploratory and qualitative research which do not test hypothesis but rather
try to develop initial understanding of a case in a small group of population.
1. Convenience Sampling
2. Voluntary response sampling
3. Purposive Sampling
4. Snowball Sampling
Convenience Sampling
A convenience sample simply includes the individuals who happen to
be most accessible to the researcher.
Voluntary Response Sampling

Similar to a convenience sample, a voluntary response sample is mainly
based on ease of access. Instead of the researcher choosing participants
and directly contacting them, people volunteer themselves
Purposive Sampling
This type of sampling, also known as judgement sampling, involves the
researcher using their expertise to select a sample that is most useful to
the purposes of the research.
Snowball Sampling
If the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can be used to recruit
participants via other participants. The number of people you have access to
“snowballs” as you get in contact with more people.
Probability Sampling
Probability sampling means that every member of the population

has a chance of being chosen. It is mainly used in quantitative research. If
you want to produce results that are representative of the whole
population, probability sampling techniques are the most valid choice.
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Systematic Random Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling
4. Cluster Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
In this sampling, every member of the population has an equal chance of
being selected. Your sampling frame should include the whole population.
Systematic Random Sampling

is similar to simple random sampling, but it is usually slightly easier to
conduct. Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead
of randomly generating numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals.
Cluster Random Sampling
This involves dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup
should have similar characteristics to the whole sample. Instead of sampling
individuals from each subgroup, you randomly select entire subgroups.
Stratified Random Sampling

This sampling involves dividing the population into subpopulations that
may differ in important ways. It allows you draw more precise conclusions
by ensuring that every subgroup is properly represented in the sample.
Stratified Random Sampling
This sampling involves dividing the population into subpopulations that may
differ in important ways. It allows you draw more precise conclusions by
ensuring that every subgroup is properly represented in the sample. QUOTA
SAMPLING
PROGRAMS NO. OF ENROLLED % SAMPLE SIZES
Nursing 50 62.5% 31
CLASEd 20 25% 13
PT 10 12.5% 6
Total 80 100% 50
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/sampling-methods/
Holmes, Alexander, et. al. (2018) Introductory Statistics. OpenStax.org.

Retrieved from: https://openstax.org/details/books/introductory-
business-statistics
Rene, Belecina (2016). Statistics and probability. Mania: Rex Bookstore.,

Inc.
References
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Evolve.

Why should we study Statistics?

Why should we study Statistics?

STATISTICS is an applied mathematics that deals with collection,

Summarize data related to human performance and other metrics

Quantify relationships between variables related to human characteristics

Compare effectiveness of different methods or techniques

Eg. Average grade Eg. Ages : 1.88, 2.05, 1.20, etc.

RATIO. Continuous data similar as Interval except that there is an absolute

2. Probability Sampling – involves random selection of individuals where

Voluntary Response Sampling

Probability sampling means that every member of the population

Systematic Random Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling

Holmes, Alexander, et. al. (2018) Introductory Statistics. OpenStax.org.

Rene, Belecina (2016). Statistics and probability. Mania: Rex Bookstore.,

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