Analytical Techniques and Instrumentation

Introduction
1. COURSE OUTLINE
This course is designed to impart knowledge of medical instrumentation,
their use, and principles of detection, as well as instrumentation,
maintenance, and calibration. The course will cover the main instruments
used in medical laboratories such as centrifuges, pipettes, balances,
spectrophotometers, fluorimeters, flow cytometers, ELISA readers, ion-
selective electrodes, atomic absorption spectrophotometers, gel-
electrophoresis setups, and chromatography systems.
 1. AIMS
This course will introduce medical instrumentation as used for measurements and test control.
Specifically, the course will discuss measurement terminology, differentiating between analog
and digital, describe the instrumentation used for medical testing and develop the principles of
methodology used for medical tests measurement and control.
Learning Outcomes
(Definitive)
1. To impart knowledge of Medical instrumentation in the medical lab.

2. To learn about the working principle and features of various instruments

required in the clinical laboratories

3 Provide basic information about the quality control, quality assurance, and
method evaluation.

4 To discuss safety issues in the clinical bio-analytical chemistry laboratories

 Assessment Tools

Assessment tool %

Assignments 20% (the average of all assignments)

Quizzes 20% (the average all quizzes)

Midterm Exam 20%

Final Exam 40%
Total 100%
 Grade System
A = 100 – 95%
A- = 94 – 90%
B+ = 89 – 85%
B = 84 – 80% Pass
B- = 79 – 75%
C+ =74 – 70%
C = 69 – 65%
C- = 60 – 64%
D+= 55 – 59%
D = 54 – 50%
F = <50% FAIL
 Resources:

• Barbara H. Estridge and Anna P. Reynolds,2012: Basic Clinical

Laboratory Techniques, Sixth Edition ISBN-13: 978-1-1111-3836-3.

• Moodle (Lectures materials)

 Instrumentation
• Instrumentation is the development or use of measuring instruments for
observation, monitoring or control.
• As example: The use of UV spectrophotometry to measure light intensity.
 Laboratory Instrument
• Laboratory instrumentation is a collection of laboratory test equipment or
tools used to automate testing procedure
• An instrument is a device that measures a physical quantity, such as flow,
concentration, temperature, level, distance, angle, or pressure.
• a laboratory. Laboratory equipment is generally used to either perform an
experiment or to take measurements and gather data.
• .
 Laboratory techniques
• The sum of procedures used on pure and applied sciences in order to
conduct an experiment, all of them follow scientific method; while some
of them involves the use of complex laboratory equipment from
laboratory glassware to electrical devices others require such specific or
expensive supplies.
 Laboratory apparatus
is a set of equipment or
tools or a machine that is
used for a particular
purpose
(as covered in the previous semester)

Name the laboratory wares labeled by blue arrows?

 Analytical Chemistry?

Analytical Chemistry is a branch of Chemistry

that deals with the Chemical Analysis of various
compounds by using different Analytical
Methods.
 Chemical analysis?
Chemical is a method of
analysis Identification and
Separation,
Quantification of differen components
present in the given t sample by using
different analytical techniques.
 Types of chemical
analysis…

Chemical analysis is mainly of two types.

1. Qualitative chemical analysis
2. Quantitative chemical analysis
 EXAMPLE

Qualitative Analysis…
• Inorganic Simple salt analysis and
Mixture analysis for identification of
different anions and cations present
in the given unknown sample.
• Organic Compound analysis for
identification of different functional
groups present in the given unknown
compound
Quantitative Analysis…

Quantitative analysis, in which the quantification of

analytes is carried out by using different analytical
techniques.

For example, the amount of red blood cells.

 Quantitative Analysis…

• Gravimetric analysis,
• Titrimetric analysis,
• Volumetric analysis,
• Spectrophotometric analysis, etc.,.
 Quantitative Analysis

Classical Methods Instrumental Methods

 Classical methods…

These are the conventional type of methods

for the quantitative determination of analytes

Usually rely on chemical reactions between the

material being analyzed (the analyte) and a
reagent that is added to the analyte

Ex: Gravimetric methods, Titrimetric methods,

etc.,.
 Instrumental Methods…

In contrast to Classical methods, Instrumental methods

of analysis typically depend on the measurement of a
physical property of the particular analyte by using an
instrument
 Instrumental Methods…

• Conductometric titrations,
• pH metric titrations,
• Potentiometric titrations,
• Spectroscopic methods,
• Thermal Methods,
• Electro analytical methods, etc.,.