RAISE ORGANIC

SMALL
RUMINANTS
In the Philippines, two of most
popular small ruminants are goats
and sheep. Both are part of farming in
the country. Ruminants the world
ruminant comes from the Latin
“ruminate,” which means “to chew
over again” are mammals that are
able to acquire nutrients from plant-
based food by fermenting it in a
specialized stomach prior to
digestion, principally through
bacterial actions.
 BREED OF GOATS

Anglo Nubians La Mancha La Mancha

Toggenburg Kiko
 BREED OF SHEEPS
Breeds of Sheep's
Fine Wool Sheep Breeds
Meat Sheep Breeds Long Wool Sheep Breeds

Dual Purpose Breeds Hair Sheep Breeds Minor Sheep Breeds

 Selecting a Breed
Each livestock breed has different traits that
they are recognized for. Breed associations can
provide information on those traits and help
you narrow your decision regarding what
breed or breeds fit best with your operation.
 Properly Handling Sheep and Goats
• Sheep are herd animals and do the best when
they are kept together with each other. It is easier
to move a herd of sheep than to move one sheep

• When moving sheep forward, always try and stay

behind the shoulder of the animal. Standing in
front of the line drawn on this sheep will make it
turn to the side or back up.
 Properly Handling Sheep and Goats
• Usually, a sheep will refuse to move if they see a
human in front of them. Always move sheep
slowly.
• Do not allow sheep to form little groups to
themselves. Move sheep slowly, calmly and
quietly.

• If you want a sheep to go backward stand in front

of it.
 Properly Handling Sheep and Goats
• If you want it to turn to the left then stand to the
animals right side. To the right stand to its left
side.

• Remember, sheep always will move the best

when you walk behind them.

• Using a low voice and keeping the flock together.

WARDIERE INC.

Green House
Facilities
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Catching Sheep • Sometimes you will need to catch an
individual sheep.
• If you can, put the sheep in a small
catch pen.
• Approach the sheep from the rear
and try and maneuver the sheep into
a corner.
• When catching a sheep or goat place
your hand on the boney part of the
jaw.
• Keep the animal’s head up.
• Sheep and goats have much more
power when their head is down.
Catching Sheep • A good way to hold a goat or a ram is
by its horns.
• However, be careful that the horns
are attached securely to its head.
• You can break off loosely attached
horns.
• Sheep are easier to handle when
they are put in a sitting position.
• They are easier to give medicine, trim
their hooves and to examine if the
animal is sitting.
• Sheep are easily managed when
sitting
 Classification of Common Feed Ingredients for
Ruminants
• Roughages. These are feeds containing relatively large amounts
of fiber or digestible material (legumes, ipil-ipil, napier, etc.).

• Concentrates. These are feeds which have a comparatively high

digestibility (rice bran, corn bran, bone meal, molasses, etc.).

• Feed Additives. These are chemical compounds that are

included in animal rations but do not supply nutrients to the
animals (natural antibacterial/antimicrobial, etc.).
 Classification of Common Feed Ingredients for
Ruminants

• Mineral Supplements. The function of mineral elements in goats

is to provide structural support for the body (salt, oyster shell,
wood ash, CRH, mineral supplements).

• Vitamins’ Supplements. The dietary vitamin requirements of

ruminants like goats are relatively simple due to the nature of
feeds they ordinarily consume (FFJ, FPJ, OHN, LABS, IMO, etc.).
 Some Local Ingredients for Ruminant Feed
• Corn. This is the most popular
grain used for feeds. High in total
digestible nutrients, low in fiber,
and higher in fat.

• Corn bran. A by-product of corn

milling industry. It consist of
broken grains of corn and bran,
rich in protein.
 Some Local Ingredients for Ruminant Feed
• Rice bran. Called “tiki-tiki”, the
good quality fine rice bran
contains an adequate amount of
fat. First class bran contains
approximately 11% crude
protein.

• Sorghum. This is very similar to

corn in feed value except that is
lower in fat.
 Some Local Ingredients for Ruminant Feed

• Copra meal. This is what is left of

the coconut meat after the oil has
been removed or extracted.

• Soybean oil meal. This is a by-

product after extracting the
soybean oil. It contains about 44%
crude protein and is also a good
source of energy.
 Some Local Ingredients for Ruminant Feed

• Mungo. This legume is a human

food, it can also be given to goats
in place of oil meal.

• Molasses. This is practically all

carbohydrates with only 3% crude
protein.

• Ipil-ipil. As a leaf meal, it contains

21% crude protein.
 Pre-weaned lambs
• The practice of providing supplemental feed to nursing lambs in an area
is called creep feeding.

• Lambs start creep feeding 10 - 40 days of age

• Up to 10 - 12 weeks of age suckling lambs should be supplemented with

creep ration. Its consumption is affected by palatability location and
environment of creep area.
• In 100 kg of creep mixture adequate quantity of vitamins and oral anti -
biotic (powder) should be added.

• Fish meal and meat meal replace by groundnut cake, soybean cake and
linseed cake.
 Post-weaned lambs
• A ration providing 12-16 % CP and 58-65 % TDN with 3-4.3 % dry
matter consumption meet requirement for expected average daily
gain of 50-150 g .

• When there is availability of poor quality forage like mature

grasses and straws, this concentrate mixture in enhance to 300 -
600 g /head / day for lamb weight 10 - 30 kg.

• When quality fodder like green oat, maize, berseem, lucerne and
hay available for feeding,a concentrate mixture (cereal grain,
groundnut cake, wheat bran, mineral mixture and common salt.
 Pregnant ewes
• Last 6 - 7 weeks of pregnant critical for fetal development
since 70 - 80 % gain in fetus must achieved during this
period.

• Fetus growth and pregnancy requirement are average

approximately 0.5 time of maintenance requirement for
single bearing ewes and 1 time for twins. So, total feed
requirement increases to 1.75 times
 Lactating ewes
• Sheep have relatively short lactation period.

• Ewe nursing twin lambs produce 20-40 % more milk than nursing
one lamb. Although, milk production responds to nutrient intake.
•
• 65-83 % ME is converted to milk energy during 12 weeks of
lactation.

• Daily feed requirement is 4-5 % during first half of lactation

• First 10 days of lactation legume, hay and concentrate mixture

given
 Feeding for Breeding

• Flushing is a practice of increase intake or dynamic

effect that influence body weight changes during
breeding.

• Its purpose increase ovulation

 Pasture and Forage Crops for Ruminants

• Grasses

• Star grass (6.05% crude protein (CP)

• Napier grass (1.57% crude protein)

• Para grass (3.00% crude protein)

 Nutrients Needed in Ruminants’ Feed to protect
from stock diseases
• Energy. Most energy required is supplied by carbohydrates and fats
found in forage and grain.

• Protein. This nutrient is essential for growth, repair of old tissues,

milk production, and development of unborn kid.

• Minerals. These are essential for growth and reproduction. These

are mostly calcium and phosphorus, which are found chiefly in the
skeleton.
 Nutrients Needed in Ruminants’ Feed to protect
from stock diseases

• Vitamins. These are feed nutrients which are needed in

very small quantities but which are essential to life.

• Water. The animal body is 56-70 percent water. Water helps

liquefy the nutrients fermented in the digestive process.
 Tips in building a suitable house for organic goats

• Try to select a dry and higher place for making the goat house. Ensure
that, the selected goat housing area is high enough to keep the goats safe
from floods.

• You must have to keep the floor of the house dry always.

• Always ensure the huge follow of light and air inside the house.

• Make house in such a way so that it become very suitable for controlling
temperature and moisture.
 Tips in building a suitable house for organic goats
• Always keep the house free from being damped. Because damping
condition is responsible for various diseases

• Never let the rain water enter inside the house.

• Try to make the wall of the house with concrete or by using bamboo
poles.

• The house must have to strong and comfortable.

• Keep enough space inside the house for taking rest.

 Tips in building a suitable house for organic goats

• The house must have to have the facilities of cleaning well

regularly.

• Goats are feared about cold and water. So take extra care in
rainy and winter season. Otherwise they may caught by
Pneumonia.
 Best bedding options for goat
• 1.Pine Shavings
• Pine shavings are the best kind
material to use for your goat
pen bedding. Pine shaving is not
only very absorbent, it is cheap
and easy to remove when it is
soiled.Depending upon your
region and the season, you can
use pine shavings for a few days
to a week.
 Best bedding options for goat
• 2. Straw
• Just like pine shavings, straw is also a
great bedding material for your goat
pen. One slight issue with straw is
that goats sometimes eat straw and
you don’t want that to happen
(especially if they have pooped on
it).Don’t worry, not all goats will eat
straw from the ground (in fact, most
goats will not eat any feed off the
ground), so you can use straw if it
works for you and your goats.
 Best bedding options for goat
• 3. Pelleted Bedding
• Pelleted bedding (made of
compressed wood) is mostly used in
horse pens but it can also be used in
goat pens. This bedding material is
cheap, absorbent, easy to manage,
and unattractive for goats to
eat.Pelleted beddings come in bags
of different sizes and can be bought
from various websites or shops near
you.
 Best bedding options for goat

• 5. Wood Chips/Landscaping
Chips
• Wood chips, just like other
bedding materials, are effective in
insulating the goat pen and also
prevent moisture from building up
in the ground. Another advantage
of chips is that they can be stored
outside, so they are easier to
handle.
 Best bedding options for goat
• 6. Cedar Chips/Shavings
• Cedar chips or shavings are good
for your goats as a goat pen
bedding, but it is not as cost-
effective as some other options.
While cedar chips are as effective
as other bedding options, you
should stop using it if you find
your goats eating it because
cedar can make goats sick if
they eat too much of it.
 Best bedding options for goat

• 7. Sand
• Sand or sandy soil is great for
drainage. It is best to use sand as
a bedding amendment (will be
discussed later) rather than just
the actual bedding.
 Feeding Facilities
• Fodder rack
Elevate the feeder 1.5ft above the floor and attach it to the goat house from outside.

• Water container
Plastic basins or pails can serve the purpose. Place this outside of the pen to avoid
contamination with urine or manure.

• Salt container
A bamboo tube with 2 or more slits at the bottom can serve as container for the
ordinary table salt for the goats to lick. Hang the bamboo tube inside the house.

• Hay rack
Store the fodder/forage in hay rack under a shade or shed adjacent to the goat house.
 Desirable Characteristics of Ruminants for Organic
Production

• Good teeth. ~ Good legs and feet.

• Good skin and shiny hair.
• Normal reproductive parts.
 Keys to sustainable sheep and goat production:
• Pastures must be managed to optimize nutritious, low-cost feed
for the animals.

• Pastures must be managed to leave adequate residue (two to four

inches minimum) of stubble, so that soils are protected and plants
do not die out.

• Brush used as a feed source must be rested just as grassy pastures

are rested, to avoid eradicating the brush. It may need to be rested
a full year. If the objective is to kill the brush so that more grass can
be grown, then the brush could be grazed more frequently.
 Keys to sustainable sheep and goat production:
Animals must be kept healthy. Prevention is much cheaper and more
effective than treatment; good management and good nutrition will do
far more than drugs and be more economical and satisfying.

• Animals must be protected from predators.

• Animals must be productive in their environment.

• Selecting for twinning, milking, and mothering ability, fiber

production, rate of gain, parasite resistance, good disposition,
longevity—or whatever meets your goals—will lead to consistently
better animals in your flock or herd over time.
 Why keep records?

Record keeping is a key component of managing an efficient

farm business. Records are needed not only for legal,
financial and taxation purposes but also for maintaining a
permanent record of the farm business, analyzing the
business, monitoring day-to-day activities, and future
planning.
 SAMPLE
FORMULATED
GOAT FEEDS
END OF SLIDE
HAPPY FARMING