The Skeletal System

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Learning Outcomes
1. Identify the 3. Identify
2. Enumerate
subdivisions of the major anatomical
the functions of
skeleton as axial or landmarks of a
bones
appendicular bone

4. Describe 5. Name and

the process of bone describe the various
formation types of fractures

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Overview 1
Word Roots and Combining Forms
• ankyl/o: bent, crooked
• arthr/o: joint
• burs/o: sac wrist
• carp/o: cartilage
• chondr/o: condyle
• condyl/o: rib
• cost/o: head,
• crani/o: skull
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Overview 2
Word Roots and Combining Forms
• femor/o: femur, bone of the thigh
• fibul/o: fibula, lateral bone of the lower leg
• humer/o: humerus, bone of the upper arm
• ili/o: ilium, bone of the hip
• ischi/o: ischium, bone of the hip
• lumb/o: lower back
• maxill/o: maxilla, upper jaw
• myel/o: bone marrow, spinal cord
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Overview 3
Word Roots and Combining Forms
• orth/o: straight
• oste/o: bone
• patell/o: patella,
• phalang/o: kneecap
phalanges, bones of fingers & toes
• pub/o: pubis, bone of the hip
• stern/o: sternum, breastbone
• synov/i: synovial fluid, joint, or membrane
• tars/o: tarsals, foot
• tibi/o: tibia, medial bone of the lower leg
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Overview 4
The skeletal system is composed of bones,
cartilages, and ligaments. It is a dynamic
system that changes daily.
The skeletal system’s functions are:
• Supports
• Helps movement
• Protects organs
• Produces blood cells
• Maintains electrolyte and acid/base balance
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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 1

The skeleton can be divided into two parts: the
axial skeleton and the appendicular
skeleton.
• Axial skeleton
• Bones of the head, neck, and trunk

• Appendicular skeleton
• Bones of the arms and legs
• Bones of the girdles: attach arms and legs to trunk

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Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 2

Classification of Bones
Bones can be classified by shape:
• Long bones are longer than they are wide and have
clubby ends. Example: tibia.
• Short bones are cubelike. Example: carpal bones.
• Flat bones look like they are a sheet of clay that has
been molded. Example: parietal bone.
• Irregular bones have many projections and spines.
Example: vertebrae.
• Sesamoid bones grow in tendons where there is a lot
of friction. Example: patella.
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Long Bones of the Hand and Short Bones
of the Wrist

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Flat Bones—Sternum and Ribs

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Irregular Bone—A Typical Vertebra

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Sesamoid Bone—The Patella

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 3

Axial Skeleton
• The axial skeleton contains the following bones:
• Cranial bones: frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal,
ethmoid and sphenoid
• Facial bones: nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, inferior
nasal concha, maxilla, palatine, mandible, vomer
• Spinal column: 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic
vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 4

Axial Skeleton
• Cranial Bones
• Frontal bone
• Anterior part of cranium
• Parietal bones
• Sides and roof of cranium
• Occipital bones
• Posterior portion and floor of cranium
• Temporal bones
• Inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium
• Temporomandibular joint
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The Skull (Anterior View)

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The Skull (Lateral View)

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The Skull (Medial View)

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The Skull (Inferior View)

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Cranial Floor of the Skull

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The Skull (Superior View)

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 5

Axial Skeleton
• Cranial Bones
• Sphenoid bone
• Forms part of cranium floor, lateral posterior portions of eye
orbits, lateral portions of cranium anterior to temporal bones

• Sella turcica

• Ethmoid bone
• Anterior portion of cranium, including medial surface of eye
orbit and roof of nasal cavity

• Nasal conchae
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Ethmoid Bone

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Sphenoid Bone

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 6

Axial Skeleton
• Facial Bones
• Maxillae
• Form upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate, part of lateral
walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye orbits

• Maxillary sinus

• Palatine bones
• Form posterior
portion of hard
palate, lateral
wall of nasal
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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 7

Axial Skeleton
• Facial Bones
• Zygomatic bones
• Cheek bones

• Also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit

• Lacrimal bones
• Medial surfaces of eye orbits

• Nasal bones
• Form bridge of nose
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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 8

Axial Skeleton
• Facial Bones
• Vomer
• In midline of nasal cavity
• Forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone

• Inferior nasal conchae

• Attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity

• Mandible
• Lower jawbone
• Only movable skull bone
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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 9

Axial Skeleton
• Some skull bones contain sinuses:
• Sphenoid sinus
• Frontal sinus
• Ethmoid sinus
• Maxillary sinus

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Sinuses

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 10

Axial Skeleton
• Spinal Column
• Extends from skull to pelvis
• Flexible and sturdy longitudinal support for trunk
• Formed by 24 movable vertebrae, a sacrum, and a
coccyx
• Possess intervertebral disks
• Shock absorbers

• Possess four distinct curvatures

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Spinal Column

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Adult Spinal Column Curvatures 1

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 11

Axial Skeleton
• Spinal Column
• Abnormal spinal curvatures
• Scoliosis: lateral curvature
• Kyphosis: hunchback
• Lordosis: swayback

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 12

Axial Skeleton
• Structure of a Vertebra
• All vertebrae have common features
• Vertebral foramen

• Spinous process

• Transverse process

• Body

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A Vertebra

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Herniated Disk

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 13

Axial Skeleton
• Cervical Vertebrae
• Support neck
• Possess unique transverse foramen
• Atlas: cervical vertebra 1
• Articulates occipital condyles of occipital
bone
• Supports head

• Axis: cervical vertebra 2

• Possesses the odontoid process (dens)
• Serves as a pivot point for
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Cervical Vertebrae

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 14

Axial Skeleton
• Thoracic Vertebrae
• Larger vertebra with longer spinous process then
cervical vertebrae
• Ribs articulate on the facets of the transverse
processes and bodies

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Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 15

Axial Skeleton
• Lumbar Vertebrae
• Heavy, thick bodies to support greater stress and
weight
• Larger processes for attachment of back muscles

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 16

Axial Skeleton
• Sacrum
• Five fused sacral bones
• Forms posterior wall of pelvic girdle

• Coccyx
• Tailbone
• Three to five fused rudimentary vertebrae

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Sacrum and Coccyx

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 17

Axial Skeleton
The axial skeleton contains the following bones:
• Sternum: flat bone forming the anterior rib cage
• Ribs: 12 pairs
• 7 pairs are true ribs
• 5 pairs are false ribs
• 2 pairs are floating
• Hyoid bone: U-shaped bone between the mandible
and the larynx
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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 18

Axial Skeleton
• Ribs
• Attached to thoracic vertebrae

• True ribs (#1-7)

• Attached to sternum directly by costal cartilages

• False ribs (#8-12)

• Attach to costal cartilage of superior ribs

• Floating ribs (#11-12)

• Do not attach anteriorly, no costal cartilages
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Sternum and Ribs

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Rib 6 Attachment to T5 and T6

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 19

Axial Skeleton
• Hyoid Bone
• Found in anterior portion of neck, inferior to mandible
• Does not articulate with any other bones
• Used as attachment site for tongue muscles

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Hyoid Bone

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 20

Appendicular Skeleton
• The appendicular skeleton is composed of the
bones of the limbs and the bones of the girdles that
connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.
• Pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula
• Bones of the upper limb: humerus, radius, ulna,
carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges
• Pelvic girdle: ilium, ischium, pubis
• Bones of the lower limb: femur, patella, tibia, fibula,
tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges
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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 21

Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral Girdle
• Composed of:
• Two clavicles

• Two scapula

• Clavicle
• Articulates with sternum and scapula

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Right Clavicle

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 22

Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral Girdle
• Scapula
• Located on each side of vertebral column

• Held in place by muscles to allow free shoulder movement

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Scapula

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 23

Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the Upper Limb
• Humerus: Articulates with scapula at the
shoulder and ulna and radius at the elbow
• Bony markings include:
• Head
• Greater and lesser tubercles
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Capitulum
• Trochlea
• Medial and lateral epicondyles
• Olecranon fossa
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Humerus

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Elbow

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 24

Appendicular Skeleton
• Bones of the Upper Limb
• Radius
• Lateral bone in the forearm
• Bone that rotates when the hand is rotated
• Bony markings include the head and styloid
process
• Ulna
• Medial bone in forearm
• Bone does not move with hand rotation
• Bony markings include the olecranon, trochlear
notch, and styloid process
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Radius and Ulna

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 25

Appendicular Skeleton
• Bones of the Upper Limb
• Carpals
• Wrist bones

• Metacarpals
• Bones of the palm of the hand

• Phalanges
• Bones of the fingers

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Right Wrist and Hand

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X-ray of a Hand

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 26

Appendicular Skeleton
• Pelvic Girdle
• Consists of two coxal bones (ossa coxae)
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis

• Forms a rigid, bony pelvis with sacrum and coccyx

• Coxal bones attached to one another at the pubic
symphysis

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Pelvic Girdle (lateral view)

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Pelvic Girdle (Medial View)

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Pelvis

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 27

Appendicular Skeleton
• Pelvic Girdle: There are distinct differences
between the male and female pelvis.
• Female pelvis is/has:
• Wider and shallower
• More rounded pelvic brim
• Larger pelvic inlet/opening

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Female and Male Pelvises

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 28

Appendicular Skeleton
• Bones of the Lower Limb
• Femur
• Thigh bone
• Largest and strongest bone in the body

• Patella
• Kneecap
• Sesamoid bone in tendon that extends anterior to knee

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Femur and Patella

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 29

Appendicular Skeleton
• Bones of the Lower Limb
• Tibia
• Shinbone

• Larger of the lower leg bones

• Bears body weight

• Fibula
• Slender, lateral bone in lower leg

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Right Tibia and Fibula

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 30

Appendicular Skeleton
• Bones of the Lower Limb
• Tarsals
• Ankle bones

• Metatarsals
• Bones of the instep

• Phalanges
• Toe bones

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The Foot

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Anatomy of the Skeletal System 31

•Appendicular Skeleton

• Bones of the Lower Limb

• The tarsal and metatarsals form arches
• Longitudinal arch

• Transverse arch

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Arches of the Foot 1

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