Hoefnagels - Essentials - 3e - ch01 - lecturePPT 2

BIOLOGY
The Essentials
Third Edition
Mariëlle Hoefnagels
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
• UNIT 1: Science, Chemistry, and Cells
Chapter 1
The Scientific
Study of Life
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education

• Biology is the scientific study of life
Life is everywhere, but it can be
difficult to define.
Biologists study all forms of life.
Each living individual is an organism.
Section 1.1
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Jeff Gynane/Getty Images RF
• All organisms are made of cells
Cells are the basic units of life.
Every organism consists of one or more cells.
• Simple single-celled organisms are unicellular.
• More complex organisms are multicellular.
Figure 1.10
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education left image: ©Melba/age fotostock; right image: ©Jeff
• All organisms have DNA
DNA is the molecule that
carries genetic information.
It is what is passed on to the
next generation.
All cells use DNA to produce
proteins, which carry out the
work that cells do.
Figure 1.1
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images
• Life is defined by its characteristics
How do we know the trees

are alive and the rocks are
not alive?
All forms of life share a
common set of
characteristics.
If something possesses all
of the characteristics, it is
considered alive.

• What are the characteristics of life?
(1)
Organization
Energy
Internal constancy
Reproduction, growth, and
development
Evolution
Figure 1.1
• The characteristics of life:
Life is organized
Figure 1.2
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education Photos: (population): ©Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Science Source;
• Life is organized
The matter that makes up life is organized into
atoms
Figure 1.2
Atoms are organized into molecules
Figure 1.2
Molecules are organized into organelles
Figure 1.2
Organelles are organized into cells
Figure 1.2
Cells are organized into tissues
Figure 1.2
Tissues are organized into organs
Figure 1.2
Organs are organized into organ systems
Figure 1.2
Life is organized into individual organisms
Figure 1.2
Individual organisms are organized into populations
Figure 1.2
Populations are organized into communities
Figure 1.2
Communities are organized into ecosystems
Figure 1.2
Ecosystems are organized into a biosphere
Figure 1.2
• Organization leads to emergent
properties
Emergent properties arise

at each level of biological
organization.
The components interact,

and the whole is greater
than the sum of the parts.
Figure 1.3
• Clicker Question #1
Which of the following statements

is false?
A. Organs consist of tissues.
B. Populations consist of organisms.
C. Molecules consist of cells.
D. Organisms consist of atoms.
E. Organelles consist of molecules.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Nadiia Zamedianska/Shutterstock

• Clicker Question #1, Solution

is false?
B. Populations consist of organisms.

Which is the best example of an

emergent property?
A. Stacking cups on top of each other
makes a plastic pyramid.
B. Wearing glasses gives you better
vision.
C. Welding metal together makes an
office building.
D. Wearing clothes keeps you warmer.
E. Tying strings together makes a
longer string.
Which is the best example of an

emergent property?
C. Welding metal together makes an

office building.

(2)
Organization ✔
Energy
Internal constancy
development
Evolution
Figure 1.1
• All organisms obtain energy
Energy is needed for:

• Keeping organized.
• Carrying out chemical reactions.
• Transporting molecules inside and among cells.
• Maintaining internal constancy.
• Reproducing, growing, and developing.
Figure 1.4
• All organisms obtain energy—Producers
Producers include
plants, some protists,
and many
prokaryotes.
Figure 1.4
• All organisms obtain energy—Consumers
Consumers are
generally animals;
some are protists and
others are
prokaryotes.
Figure 1.4
• All organisms obtain energy—
Decomposers
Decomposers include fungi, some animals,

some protists, many prokaryotes.
Figure 1.4
(3)
Organization ✔
Energy ✔
Internal constancy
development
Evolution
Figure 1.1
• All organisms maintain internal
constancy
Homeostasis is the process by which a cell or
organism maintains internal constancy.
Humans have an internal

thermostat that helps
maintain temperature
homeostasis.
This woman shivers when
she feels cold and puts on
a jacket.
Figure 1.5
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (a): ©Design Pics/Kristy-Anne Glubish RF; (b): ©John
• Homeostasis is the optimal balance
Homeostasis involves many aspects of internal
constancy.
For example, organisms
also fluctuate around
their optimal balance of
nutrients, sugar, salt, and
water.
This means they must be
able to sense and respond
to stimuli in their
environment.
Figure 1.5
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (a): ©Design Pics/Kristy-Anne Glubish RF; (b): ©John
(4)
Organization ✔
Energy ✔
Internal constancy ✔
development
Evolution
Figure 1.1
• Organisms reproduce, grow &
develop:
Reproduction can be asexual
In asexual reproduction only one parent is involved,
and the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
Asexual reproduction is a successful strategy in
unchanging environments.
Strawberry plants sometimes

reproduce asexually. Each of
these plantlets is identical to
the parent plant.
Figure 1.6
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images
develop:
Reproduction can be sexual
In sexual reproduction two parents are involved, and
the offspring are genetically different from the parent.
Sexual reproduction is a successful strategy in changing
environments since offspring are unlike either parent.
Most plants and animals

reproduce sexually.
These young swans
received genetic material
from two parents.
Figure 1.6
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF
develop:
From baby to adult
The plantlets and this swan both started as a single cell and
have grown and developed into multicellular organisms.
Figure 1.6
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (a): ©Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; (b): ©Jadranko

is true about reproduction?
A. Sexual reproduction creates genetic
variation among organisms.
B. Sexual reproduction is most
successful in unchanging
environments.
C. Most plants reproduce only
asexually.
D. Asexual organisms do not actually
reproduce.
E. None of these is true.

is true about reproduction?
A. Sexual reproduction creates genetic
variation among organisms.

(5)
Organization ✔
Energy ✔
development ✔
Evolution
Figure 1.1
• All organisms evolve
EVOLUTION is genetic change over
time in a population
The genes in this population of bacteria

have changed over time. A new gene,
conferring antibiotic resistance, appears in
the red bacteria. There are more bacteria
with this new gene when antibiotics are
present.
Figure 1.8
Different organisms have different genes
How is it that so many

organisms seem perfectly
suited to their environment?
This pigmy seahorse blends

into the coral habitat where it
lives, because of its genes.
Other seahorses, with different

genes, do not blend in as well.
Figure 1.7
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Mark Webster Wwwphoteccouk/Getty Images
Some organisms survive and reproduce
How is it that so many

organisms seem perfectly
suited to their environment?
This pigmy seahorse is well-
hidden from predators.
It survives, reproduces, and
passes along its genes.
The offspring have genes that
allow them to blend into the
environment.
Figure 1.7
Example: antibiotic resistance in bacteria
Bacteria reproduce and

evolve quickly.
Figure 1.8
Beneficial adaptations develop at random
This population has

genetic variation.
The red cells have a different

gene than the green cells,
making them resistant to the
effects of antibiotics.
Figure 1.8
The environment “selects” beneficial
adaptations
Antibiotics kill off most of the
bacteria. The resistant bacteria
survive (red cells).
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are

most successful when antibiotics are
present.
Figure 1.8
(6)
Organization ✔
Energy ✔
development ✔
Evolution ✔
Figure 1.1
• 1.1 Mastering Concepts
Create a concept map to
connect the following
terms:
• Reproduction
• DNA
• Evolution
• Cell
• Molecule
• Population
• Mutation

• Scientists use taxonomy to name
and classify organisms
Organisms are
grouped by their
features,
including
structure,
chemistry, and
the sequence of
their DNA.
Section 1.2 Figure 1.10

• Taxonomy reveals evolutionary
relationships
Classifying
organisms helps
show how closely
related they are
to each other.
Figure 1.10
• All organisms share common
ancestors
Humans are more

closely related to a
kangaroo than to a
platypus because
we share a more
recent common
ancestor with the
kangaroo.
Figure 1.9
• There are 8 levels of taxonomic
hierarchy
All living organisms are

organized into these eight
levels.
The most inclusive is domain,

and the least inclusive is
species.
Each species has an exclusive

two-part species name.
Figure 1.11
• The tree of life includes three main
branches
Species are
broadly
categorized into
one of three
domains.
Jump to long description

Figure 1.10
• Domains are divided into kingdoms
All 3 domains
include one or
more kingdoms
that represent
thousands to
millions of
different species.

Figure 1.10
• Life’s three domains:
Bacteria and Archaea
Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea
are prokaryotic and unicellular.
Prokaryotic means their cells lack nuclei

and other compartments.
DOMAIN BACTERIA DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Figure 1.10
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (Bacteria): ©Heather Davies/SPL/Getty Images RF; (Archaea):
Eukarya, kingdom Protista
Protists are the most diverse group of
Eukaryotes.
Protista (multiple kingdoms)

• Unicellular or multicellular
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs
Organisms in domain
Eukarya have larger,
more complex cells
with nuclei.
Figure 1.10
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Melba/age fotostock
Eukarya, kingdom Animalia
Animals are a familiar group of
Eukaryotes, including vertebrates such
as fish, frogs, and humans.
Kingdom Animalia
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophs (by ingestion)
Organisms in domain
more complex cells
with nuclei.
Figure 1.10
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education USDA/ARS/Scott Bauer
Eukarya, kingdom Fungi
Fungi are nature’s decomposers.
Kingdom Fungi
• Most are multicellular
• Heterotrophs (by external digestion)
Organisms in domain
more complex cells
with nuclei.
Figure 1.10
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Corbis RF
Eukarya, kingdom Plantae
Plants are producers that capture light
energy from the sun.
Kingdom Plantae
• Multicellular
• Autotrophs
Organisms in domain
more complex cells
with nuclei.
Figure 1.10
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education USDA/Keith Weller
How are eukaryotes different from

prokaryotes?
A. Only prokaryotes are autotrophs.
B. Only eukaryotes are living
organisms.
C. Eukaryotes are always multicellular.
D. Prokaryotic cells never have nuclei.
E. None of these distinguish
eukaryotes from prokaryotes.

How are eukaryotes different from

prokaryotes?
D. Prokaryotic cells never have nuclei.

Create a concept map to
connect the following
terms:
• Kingdom
• Organelle
• DNA
• Autotroph
• Cell
• Domain
• Heterotroph
• Energy

• Scientists use the scientific method
In general, all scientific inquiry follows a

standard process to study the natural world.
The process is known as the

scientific method.
Section 1.3 Figure 1.12

• The scientific method has multiple
interrelated parts

Figure 1.12
• The scientific method begins with
observations and questions
Observations are the knowledge

amassed before the experiment
begins.
Figure 1.12
• The hypothesis & predictions are
based on observations
Hypotheses are potential explanations

for the observation, which can be
supported or falsified by the data.
Figure 1.12
• The experiment is designed to test
the hypothesis
Data must be
objective and
quantifiable.

Figure 1.12
• The conclusion is based on the data
from the experiment
The data can either
support or refute
the hypothesis.

Figure 1.12
• The research is subjected to peer
review

Figure 1.12
• An experimental design is a careful
plan
Well-designed experiments include
• Sample size: number of subjects in a
group
• Independent variable: what is
manipulated
• Dependent variable: what is
measured
• Standardized variable: held constant
for all subjects
• Control: untreated group used for
comparison
Figure 1.13
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Corbis/age fotostock RF
• An experimental design includes clear
variables
Component Definition Example
Variables
Independent A variable that an investigator Dose of vaccine
variable manipulates to determine whether
it influences the dependent variable
Dependent A variable that an investigator Number of children
variable measures to determine whether it with illness caused
is affected by the independent by rotavirus
variable
Standardized Any variable that an investigator Age and health of
variable intentionally holds constant for all children in study
subjects in an experiment, including
the control group
Control Basis for comparison to treatment Placebo lacking active
group(s); control subjects may remain ingredient in vaccine
untreated or receive a placebo
Table 1.2
• An experimental design includes clear
controls
Component Definition Example
Variables
Independent A variable that an investigator Dose of vaccine
variable manipulates to determine whether it
influences the dependent variable
Dependent A variable that an investigator Number of children
variable measures to determine whether it is with illness caused
affected by the independent variable by rotavirus
Standardized Any variable that an investigator Age and health of
variable intentionally holds constant for all children in study
subjects in an experiment, including
the control group
Control Basis for comparison to treatment Placebo lacking active
group(s); control subjects may remain ingredient in vaccine
untreated or receive a placebo
Table 1.2
• Data are interpreted using statistical
analysis
Analyses test the

data for statistical
significance: the
probability that the
results arose purely
by chance.
Figure 1.A
What is the dependent variable in the
experiment outlined in this table?
Figure 1.14
What is the dependent variable in the
experiment outlined in this table?
Figure 1.14
What are the

components of scientific
inquiry?

• Theories are comprehensive
explanations
Scientific theories differ

from the use of “theory”
outside of science.
Scientific theories include:

• Germ theory
• Theory of evolution
• Gravitational theory
Figure 1.B, 1.15

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education top: ©The Natural History Museum/Alamy Stock Photo;
• Theories are potentially falsifiable
In science, a theory is an
explanation for a natural
phenomenon and broader
in scope than hypotheses.
Scientific theories are

supported by a tremendous
amount of research.
(Facts are repeatable

observations that everyone
agrees on.)
Figure 1.B, 1.15
• Scientific inquiry has limitations
Limitations to scientific
inquiry include:
• Multiple interpretations
• Misinterpretations of
observations or results
• Slow acceptance of
unexpected conclusions
• Limited to existing
phenomena of the natural
world
Figure 1.12
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©McGraw-Hill Education/Jill Braaten, photographer
• Biology continues to advance
Technology is the
practical
application of
scientific
knowledge and
provides tools for
scientific inquiry.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Stockbyte/Getty Images RF

• The orchid and the moth
When Charles Darwin saw
the nectar tubes on these
orchids he predicted that a
moth had an equally long
tongue.
He based this prediction on
his theory of evolution.
Thirty years later, the moth
was discovered.
Figure 1.B, 1.15

• Appendix of Image
Long Descriptions

• The tree of life includes three main branches -
Appendix
Red circle (left) surrounds “domain bacteria” to emphasize it is
one of the 3 domains, red circle (middle) surrounds “domain
archaea” to emphasize it is one of the 3 domains, red circle
(right) surrounds “domain eukarya” to emphasize it is one of the
3 domains.
Jump to the image

• Domains are divided into kingdoms - Appendix
Red arrow (left) points at a kingdom within domain bacteria, red

arrow (middle) points at a kingdom within domain archaea, red
arrow (top right) points at animal kingdom within domain
eukarya, red arrow (middle right) points at fungi kingdom within
domain eukarya, red arrow (bottom right) points at plant
kingdom within domain eukarya.
Jump to the image

• The scientific method has multiple interrelated
parts - Appendix
Arrows in the figure show that the cycle starts with observations
followed by asking a question, consulting prior knowledge,
forming a hypothesis and making predictions. All of this allows
scientists to design an experiment, collect and interpret the data
and consult prior knowledge again before forming a conclusion.
Peer review and publishing can occur at this point, and then the
cycle repeats.
Jump to the image

• The experiment is designed to test the hypothesis
- Appendix
scientists to design an experiment
Jump to the image

• The conclusion is based on the data from the
experiment - Appendix
Jump to the image

• The research is subjected to peer review -
Appendix
Peer review and publishing can occur at this point, and then the
cycle repeats.
Jump to the image


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BIOLOGY

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education

How do we know the trees

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education

Emergent properties arise

The components interact,

Which of the following statements

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Nadiia Zamedianska/Shutterstock

Which of the following statements

B. Populations consist of organisms.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Nadiia Zamedianska/Shutterstock

Which is the best example of an

Which is the best example of an

C. Welding metal together makes an

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Nadiia Zamedianska/Shutterstock

Energy is needed for:

Decomposers include fungi, some animals,

Humans have an internal

Strawberry plants sometimes

Most plants and animals

Which of the following statements

Which of the following statements

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Nadiia Zamedianska/Shutterstock

The genes in this population of bacteria

How is it that so many

This pigmy seahorse blends

Other seahorses, with different

How is it that so many

Bacteria reproduce and

This population has

The red cells have a different

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education

Section 1.2 Figure 1.10

Humans are more

All living organisms are

The most inclusive is domain,

Each species has an exclusive

Jump to long description

Jump to long description

Prokaryotic means their cells lack nuclei

Protista (multiple kingdoms)

How are eukaryotes different from

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Nadiia Zamedianska/Shutterstock

How are eukaryotes different from

D. Prokaryotic cells never have nuclei.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Nadiia Zamedianska/Shutterstock

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education

In general, all scientific inquiry follows a

The process is known as the

Section 1.3 Figure 1.12

Jump to long description

Observations are the knowledge

Hypotheses are potential explanations

Jump to long description

Jump to long description

Jump to long description

Analyses test the

What are the

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education

Scientific theories differ

Scientific theories include:

Figure 1.B, 1.15