Printable Ch. 1

7/28/2021
Because learning changes everything.®
Chapter 01
The Scientific Study
of Life
IM_photo/Shutterstock
© 2022 McGraw Hill, LLC. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, LLC.
Biology is the scientific study of life
• Life is everywhere, but it can be

difficult to define.
• Biologists study all forms of life.
• Each living individual is an
organism.
Paul Hakimata/Cutcaster
Section 1.1
© McGraw Hill, LLC 2
All organisms are made of cells
Cells are the basic units of life.

Every organism consists of one or more cells.
• Simple single-celled organisms are unicellular.
• More complex organisms are multicellular.
Melba/Age Fotostock/Media Bakery
Paul Hakimata/Cutcaster
Section 1.1 Figure 1.10

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All organisms have DNA
• DNA is the molecule

that carries genetic
information.
• It is what is passed on
to the next generation.
• All cells use DNA to
produce proteins,
which carry out the
work that cells do.
(Paramecium): micro_photo/iStock/Getty Images; (whole fly):

nofilm2011/Shutterstock; (eyes): Yousef Al Habshi/Getty Images
Section 1.1 Access the text alternative for slide images.

Figure 1.1
Life is defined by its characteristics
• How do we know the trees are

alive and the rocks are not
alive?
• All forms of life share a
common set of characteristics.
• If something possesses all of
the characteristics, it is
considered alive.
Section 1.1
What are the characteristics of life? 1
• Organization
• Energy
• Internal constancy
• Reproduction, growth,
and development
• Evolution


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The characteristics of life: Life is organized
Photos: (population): Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Science Source; (community): Daryl Balfour/Gallo

Images/Getty Images; (ecosystem): Bas Vermolen/Getty Images; (biosphere): StockTrek/Getty Images

Figure 1.2
Life is organized The matter that makes up life is

organized into atoms
ATOM
The smallest chemical
unit of a type of pure
substance (element).
All matter, living Example: Carbon atom
and nonliving, is
composed of
atoms.

Life is organized Atoms are organized into molecules
MOLECULE
A group of joined atoms.
Example: DNA
All matter, living

and nonliving, is
composed of
atoms.

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Life is organized Molecules are organized into organelles
ORGANELLE
A membrane-bounded
structure that has a specific
function within a cell.
Example: Chloroplast
Some cells, but
not all cells,
contain
organelles.

10
Life is organized Organelles are organized into cells
All life is CELL

composed of The fundamental
cells, although unit of life.
Example: Leaf cell
some cells do
not have
organelles.
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Life is organized Cells are organized into tissues
TISSUE
A collection of specialized
cells that function in a
coordinated fashion.
Example: Epidermis of leaf

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Life is organized Tissues are organized into organs
ORGAN
A structure consisting
of tissues organized to
interact and carry out
specific functions.
Example: Leaf

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Life is organized Organs are organized into organ

systems
ORGAN SYSTEM
Organs connected physically
or chemically that function
together. Example:
Aboveground part of a plant
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Life is organized Life is organized into individual

organisms
ORGANISM
A single living individual.
Example: One acacia tree
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Life is organized Individual organisms are organized into

populations
POPULATION
A group of the same species of organism
living in the same place and time.
Example: Multiple acacia trees
Photos: (population): Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Science Source

16
Life is organized Populations are organized into

communities
COMMUNITY
All populations that occupy
the same region.
Example: All populations in
a savanna
Photos: (population): Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Science

Source; (community): Daryl Balfour/Gallo Images/Getty Images

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Life is organized Communities are organized into

ecosystems
ECOSYSTEM
The living and nonliving
components of an area.
Example: The savanna

Images/Getty Images; (ecosystem): Bas Vermolen/Getty Images

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Life is organized Ecosystems are organized into a

biosphere
BIOSPHERE
The global ecosystem;
the parts of the planet
and its atmosphere
where life is possible.

Images/Getty Images; (ecosystem): Bas Vermolen/Getty Images; (biosphere): StockTrek/Getty Images

19
Organization leads to emergent properties
• Emergent properties
arise at each level of
biological
organization.
• The components
interact, and the
whole is greater than
the sum of the parts.

Figure 1.3
20
Clicker Question #1
Which of the following statements is false?
A. Organs consist of tissues.

B. Populations consist of organisms.
C. Molecules consist of cells.
D. Organisms consist of atoms.
E. Organelles consist of molecules.
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Clicker Question #1, Solution
Which of the following statements is false?
C. Molecules consist of cells.
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Clicker Question #2
Which is the best example of an emergent property, a quality that

results from interactions of a system’s components?
A. Stacking cups on top of each other makes a plastic pyramid.

B. Wearing glasses gives you better vision.
C. Welding metal together makes an office building.
D. Wearing clothes keeps you warmer.
E. Tying strings together makes a longer string.
23
Which is the best example of an emergent property, a quality that

results from interactions of a system’s components?
C. Welding metal together makes an office building.
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• Organization ✔
• Energy
and development
• Evolution


25
All organisms obtain energy
Energy is needed for:

• Keeping organized
• Carrying out chemical reactions
• Transporting molecules inside and
among cells
• Maintaining internal constancy
• Reproducing, growing, and developing

26
All organisms obtain energy—Producers
Producers
include
plants, some
protists, and
many
prokaryotes.

Figure 1.4
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All organisms obtain energy—Consumers
Consumers
are generally
animals;
some are
protists and
others are
prokaryotes.

28
All organisms obtain energy—Decomposers
Decomposers include fungi,

some animals, some
protists, many prokaryotes.
29
• Energy ✔
and development
• Evolution


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All organisms maintain internal constancy
Homeostasis is the process by which a cell or organism maintains

internal constancy.
• Humans have an
internal thermostat
that helps maintain
temperature
homeostasis.
• This woman shivers
when she feels cold
and puts on a
(a): Design Pics/Kristy-Anne Glubish; (b): John Rowley/Getty Images jacket.

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Homeostasis is the optimal balance
Homeostasis involves many aspects of internal constancy.
• For example,
organisms also
fluctuate around
their optimal balance
of nutrients, sugar,
salt, and water.
• This means they
must be able to
sense and respond to
(a): Design Pics/Kristy-Anne Glubish; (b): John Rowley/Getty Images stimuli in their
environment.
32
• Energy ✔
• Internal constancy ✔
and development
• Evolution


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Organisms reproduce, grow & develop: Reproduction can be

asexual
• In asexual reproduction only one parent is involved, and the

offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
• Asexual reproduction is a successful strategy in unchanging
environments.
Strawberry plants sometimes
reproduce asexually. Each of
these plantlets is identical to the
parent plant.
Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images

34
Organisms reproduce, grow & develop: Reproduction can

be sexual
• In sexual reproduction two parents are involved, and the
offspring are genetically different from the parent.
• Sexual reproduction is a successful strategy in changing
environments since offspring are unlike either parent.
Most plants and animals

reproduce sexually. These
young swans received
genetic material from two
parents.
Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images

35
Organisms reproduce, grow & develop: From baby to adult
The plantlets and this swan both started as a single cell and have
grown and developed into multicellular organisms.
(a): Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; (b): Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images

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Clicker Question #3
Which of the following statements is true about reproduction?
A. Sexual reproduction creates genetic variation among

organisms.
B. Sexual reproduction is most successful in unchanging
environments.
C. Most plants reproduce only asexually.
D. Asexual organisms do not actually reproduce.
E. None of these is true.
37
Which of the following statements is true about reproduction?
A. Sexual reproduction creates genetic variation among

organisms.
38
• Energy ✔
and development ✔
• Evolution


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All organisms evolve

EVOLUTION is genetic change over time in a population
The genes in this population of bacteria have

changed over time. A new gene, conferring
antibiotic resistance, appears in the red bacteria.
There are more bacteria with this new gene when
antibiotics are present.
Figure 1.8
© McGraw Hill, LLC 40n
40
All organisms evolve Different organisms have different

genes
How is it that so many organisms

seem perfectly suited to their
environment?
• This pigmy seahorse blends into

the coral habitat where it lives,
because of its genes.
• Other seahorses, with different
genes, do not blend in as well.
Mark Webster Wwwphoteccouk/Getty Images

41
All organisms evolve Some organisms survive and

reproduce
How is it that so many organisms

seem perfectly suited to their
environment?
• This pigmy seahorse is well-

hidden from predators.
• It survives, reproduces, and
passes along its genes.
• The offspring have genes that
allow them to blend into the
environment.
Mark Webster Wwwphoteccouk/Getty Images

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All organisms evolve Example: antibiotic resistance in bacteria
Bacteria reproduce and

evolve quickly.

43
All organisms evolve Beneficial adaptations develop at random
This population has

genetic variation.
The red cells have a different

gene than the green cells,
making them resistant to the
effects of antibiotics.
44
All organisms evolve The environment “selects” beneficial

adaptations
Antibiotics kill off most of the bacteria. The resistant bacteria survive (red
cells).
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are most successful when

antibiotics are present.

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• Energy ✔
and development ✔
• Evolution ✔


46
1.1 Mastering Concepts
Create a concept map to connect the following terms:
• Reproduction
• DNA
• Evolution
• Cell
• Molecule
• Population
• Mutation
47
Scientists use taxonomy to name and classify organisms
Organisms are
grouped by
their features,
including
structure,
chemistry, and
the sequence
of their DNA.

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Taxonomy reveals evolutionary relationships
Classifying
organisms
helps show
how closely
related they
are to each
other.

49
All organisms share common ancestors
Humans are
more closely
related to a
kangaroo than
to a platypus
because we
share a more
recent common
ancestor with
the kangaroo.

Figure 1.10
50
There are 8 levels of taxonomic hierarchy
• All living organisms are

organized into these eight
levels.
• The most inclusive is
domain, and the least
inclusive is species.
• Each species has an
exclusive two-part species
name.
• This shows the hierarchy
of Homo sapiens.

Figure 1.11
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The tree of life includes three main branches
Species are
broadly
categorized
into one of
three domains.

52
Domains are divided into kingdoms
All 3 domains
include one or
more kingdoms
that represent
thousands to
millions of
different
species.

53
Life’s three domains: Bacteria and Archaea
• Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea

are prokaryotic and unicellular.
• Prokaryotic means their cells lack
nuclei and other compartments.
DOMAIN BACTERIA DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Science Photo Library/Getty Images Eye of Science/Science

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Life’s three domains: Eukarya, kingdom Protista
Protists are the most diverse group of

Eukaryotes.
Protista (multiple kingdoms)

• Unicellular or multicellular
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs
Organisms in domain
Eukarya have larger,
more complex cells
with nuclei.
Melba/Age Fotostock/Media Bakery

55
Life’s three domains: Eukarya, kingdom Animalia
Animals are a familiar group of

Eukaryotes, including vertebrates
such as fish, frogs, and humans.
Kingdom Animalia
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophs (by ingestion)
Organisms in domain
more complex cells
with nuclei.
U.S. Department of Agriculture/ARS/Scott Bauer

56
Life’s three domains: Eukarya, kingdom Fungi
Fungi are nature’s decomposers.
Kingdom Fungi
• Most are multicellular
• Heterotrophs (by external digestion)
Organisms in domain
more complex cells
with nuclei.
Corbis

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Life’s three domains: Eukarya, kingdom Plantae
Plants are producers that capture

light energy from the sun.
Kingdom Plantae
• Multicellular
• Autotrophs
Organisms in domain
more complex cells
with nuclei.
Photo by Keith Weller/USDA

58
Clicker Question #4
How are eukaryotes different from prokaryotes?
A. Only prokaryotes are autotrophs.

B. Only eukaryotes are living organisms.
C. Eukaryotes are always multicellular.
D. Prokaryotic cells never have nuclei.
E. None of these distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes.
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How are eukaryotes different from prokaryotes?
D. Prokaryotic cells never have nuclei.
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Create a concept map to connect the following terms:
• Kingdom
• Organelle
• DNA
• Autotroph
• Cell
• Domain
• Heterotroph
• Energy
61
Scientists use the scientific method
In general, all scientific inquiry follows a

standard process to study the natural
world.
The process is known as the scientific

method.

62
The scientific method has multiple interrelated parts

Figure 1.12
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The scientific method begins with observations and

questions
Observations are the

knowledge amassed
before the
experiment begins.

64
The hypothesis & predictions are based on observations
Hypotheses are
potential
explanations for the
observation, which
can be supported or
falsified by the data.

65
The experiment is designed to test the hypothesis
Data must be
objective and
quantifiable.

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The conclusion is based on the data from the experiment
The data can either support

or refute the hypothesis.

67
The research is subjected to peer review

68
An experimental design is a careful plan
Well-designed experiments include

• Sample size: number of subjects
in a group
• Independent variable: what is
manipulated
• Dependent variable: what is
measured
• Standardized variable: held
constant for all subjects
• Control: untreated group used
CORBIS/AGE Fotostock
for comparison

69
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An experimental design includes clear variables
Component Definition Example

Sample size The number of subjects in a treatment 100 infants
group or control group
Variables
Independent variable A variable that an investigator manipulates Presence or
to determine whether it influences the absence of vaccine
dependent variable
Dependent variable A variable that an investigator measures Incidence of illness
to determine whether it is affected by the caused by rotavirus
independent variable
Standardized variable Any variable that an investigator Age and health of
intentionally holds constant for all subjects children in study
in an experiment, including the control
group
Section 1.3 Table 1.2

70
An experimental design includes clear controls
Component Definition Example

Control Basis for comparison to treatment Placebo lacking
group(s); control subjects may remain active ingredient in
untreated or receive a placebo vaccine
Section 1.3 Table 1.2

71
Data are interpreted using statistical analysis
Analyses test the

data for
statistical
significance: the
probability that
the results arose
purely by chance.
Source: Data adapted from Richardson, V., et. al. 2011. The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 365, pages 772–773.

Figure 1.15A
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Clicker Question #5
What is the dependent variable in the experiment outlined in this

table?
Source: Data adapted from Richardson, V., et. al. 2011. The New
England Journal of Medicine, vol. 365, pages 772–773.
Answer: Number of deaths from diarrhea

Figure 1.14
73
What is the dependent variable in the experiment outlined in this

table?
Source: Data adapted from Richardson, V., et. al. 2011. The New
England Journal of Medicine, vol. 365, pages 772–773.
Figure 1.14
74
What are the components of scientific inquiry?
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Theories are comprehensive explanations

The Natural History Museum/Alamy
Figure 1.B
Scientific theories differ

from the use of “theory”
outside of science.
Scientific theories include:

• Germ theory
• Theory of evolution
• Gravitational theory
Kjell Sandved/Alamy

76
Theories are potentially falsifiable

• In science, a theory is an
explanation for a natural
Figure 1.B phenomenon and broader
in scope than
hypotheses.
• Scientific theories are

supported by a
tremendous amount of
research.
• (Facts are repeatable

observations that
everyone agrees on.)
Kjell Sandved/Alamy

77
Scientific inquiry has limitations
Limitations to scientific inquiry include:

• Multiple interpretations
• Misinterpretations of observations or results
• Slow acceptance of unexpected conclusions
• Limited to existing phenomena of the natural world
Section 1.3
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Biology continues to advance
Technology is the practical

application of scientific
knowledge and provides
tools for scientific inquiry.
Stockbyte/Getty Images
Section 1.3
79
The orchid and the moth

Figure 1.B
• When Charles Darwin
saw the nectar tubes on
these orchids he
predicted that a moth had
an equally long tongue.
• He based this prediction

on his theory of evolution.
• Thirty years later, the

moth was discovered.
Kjell Sandved/Alamy

80
Because learning changes everything. ®
www.mheducation.com
© < add the year> McGraw Hill, LLC. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, LLC.
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Accessibility Content: Text Alternatives for Images
© McGraw Hill, LLC
82
All organisms have DNA - Text Alternative

Return to parent-slide containing images.
The microscopic view shows unicellular Paramecium that has an outer

membrane surrounds each cell, enclosing water and other contents.
Each cell contains DNA, which encodes the proteins that carry out life’s
functions. The photo shows a closeup of a Robber fly’s head that is made
of millions of cells. Each cell has an outer membrane, and the DNA is
located inside the cell.
83
The characteristics of life: Life is organized - Text Alternative

Life’s Organizational Hierarchy begins with Atom: The smallest chemical unit of a
type of pure substance (element). Example: Carbon atom. Molecule: A group of
joined atoms. Example: DNA. Organelle: A membrane-bounded structure that has
a specific function within a cell. Example: Chloroplast. Cell: The fundamental unit
of life. Multicellular organisms consist of many cells; unicellular organisms consist
of one cell. Example: Leaf cell. Tissue: A collection of specialized cells that
function in a coordinated fashion. (Multicellular life only.) Example: Epidermis of
leaf. Organ: A structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out
specific functions. (Multicellular life only.) Example: Leaf. Organ System: Organs
connected physically or chemically that function together. (Multicellular life only.)
Example: Aboveground part of a plant. Organism: A single living individual.
Example: One acacia tree. Population: A group of the same species of organism
living in the same place and time. Example: Multiple acacia trees. Community: All
populations that occupy the same region. Example: All populations in a savanna.
Ecosystem: The living and nonliving components of an area. Example: The
savanna. Biosphere: The global ecosystem; the parts of the planet and its
atmosphere where life is possible.
84
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Organization leads to emergent properties - Text

Alternative
The illustration shows a brain cell that interact with other brain cells in the
brain of a human that evolve into emergent property which is memory.
85
All organisms obtain energy—Producers - Text Alternative

Usable energy from sunlight reaches plant: Primary producers extract

energy and nutrients from the nonliving environment (soil). Consumers
obtain energy and nutrients by eating other organisms. Decomposers are
consumers that obtain nutrients from dead organisms and organic
wastes. Heat is generated by producers, consumers, and decomposers
as are usable energy and nutrients.
86
All organisms evolve - Text Alternative

The illustration shows a cut on the skin. In generation 1 Staphylococcus

aureus before mutation over time mutates in generation 2. After
reproduction and selection when antibiotic is present there is more
mutation and when antibiotic is absent, multiple generations later there is
less mutation.
87
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All organisms share common ancestors - Text Alternative

The evolutionary tree begins with last common ancestor of all mammals
that divided into two branches. The left branch has platypus, and the right
branch has Last common ancestor of kangaroo and human that further
divides into kangaroos and humans who are more closely related to each
other than to platypus.
88
There are 8 levels of taxonomic hierarchy - Text

Alternative
The illustration shows domain eukarya at the top followed by kingdom

animalia, phylum cordata, class Mammalia, order primates, family
Hominidae, genus homo, and specific descriptor sapiens. Genus homo,
and specific descriptor sapiens are. Categorized as scientific name Homo
sapiens.
89
The scientific method has multiple interrelated parts - Text

Alternative
The cycle of scientific enquiry begins with Design experiment: Example:

Researchers randomly assign 100 healthy children to a control group and
100 to a treatment group. Collect and interpret data: Example:
Researchers measure disease incidence among children in study.
Consult prior knowledge. Draw conclusions: Example: Results suggest
that the vaccine was safe and e¬ffective in this study. Peer review and
publish the findings. Make observations: Example: Rotavirus is common
and causes serious illness; vaccines are often cost-e¬ffective ways to
prevent illness. Ask a question: Example: Is the rotavirus vaccine
effective? Consult prior knowledge. Formulate a hypothesis. Example:
The vaccine will stimulate the immune system and will therefore be
associated with reduced incidence of rotavirus illness. Make predictions:
Example: If vaccine is eff¬ective, then vaccinated children should have
lower incidence of rotavirus illness than children receiving placebo and
the cycle begins again.
90
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Data are interpreted using statistical analysis - Text

Alternative
The graph A plots independent variable (treatment) on the horizontal axis

and dependent variable (measurement) Incidence of illness ( percent of
subjects) from 1 to 4 in increments of 1 on the vertical axis. The data from
the graph are as follows: Placebo (control) (n equals 100): average
measurement for a treatment: 3.3 percent; variation around the average
for a treatment: 2.6 to 4.6. Sample size (n) may be indicated on graph or
in figure caption. Vaccinated (n equals 100): average measurement for a
treatment: 1.4 percent; variation around the average for a treatment: 1.1
to 1.4. The graph B plots year from 2003 to 201 in increments of 1 on the
horizontal axis and number of deaths from diarrhea from 0 to 250 in
increments of 50 on the vertical axis. The number of deaths was between
50 to 200 before countrywide vaccination from 2003 to 2007 and after
countrywide vaccination the number of deaths was between 25 to 210
from 2007 to 2010. All the data are approximate.
91
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7/28/2021

Because learning changes everything.®

Biology is the scientific study of life

• Life is everywhere, but it can be

All organisms are made of cells

Cells are the basic units of life.

Melba/Age Fotostock/Media Bakery

Section 1.1 Figure 1.10

All organisms have DNA

• DNA is the molecule

(Paramecium): micro_photo/iStock/Getty Images; (whole fly):

Section 1.1 Access the text alternative for slide images.

Life is defined by its characteristics

• How do we know the trees are

What are the characteristics of life? 1

(Paramecium): micro_photo/iStock/Getty Images; (whole fly):

Section 1.1 Figure 1.1

The characteristics of life: Life is organized

Photos: (population): Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Science Source; (community): Daryl Balfour/Gallo

Section 1.1 Access the text alternative for slide images.

Life is organized The matter that makes up life is

Section 1.1 Figure 1.2

Life is organized Atoms are organized into molecules

All matter, living

Section 1.1 Figure 1.2

Life is organized Molecules are organized into organelles

Section 1.1 Figure 1.2

Life is organized Organelles are organized into cells

All life is CELL

Life is organized Cells are organized into tissues

Section 1.1 Figure 1.2

Life is organized Tissues are organized into organs

Section 1.1 Figure 1.2

Life is organized Organs are organized into organ

Life is organized Life is organized into individual

Life is organized Individual organisms are organized into

Photos: (population): Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Science Source

Section 1.1 Figure 1.2

Life is organized Populations are organized into

Photos: (population): Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Science

Section 1.1 Figure 1.2

Life is organized Communities are organized into

Photos: (population): Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Science Source; (community): Daryl Balfour/Gallo

Section 1.1 Figure 1.2

Life is organized Ecosystems are organized into a

Photos: (population): Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Science Source; (community): Daryl Balfour/Gallo

Section 1.1 Figure 1.2

Organization leads to emergent properties

Section 1.1 Access the text alternative for slide images.

Which of the following statements is false?

A. Organs consist of tissues.

© McGraw Hill, LLC 21

Clicker Question #1, Solution

Which of the following statements is false?

C. Molecules consist of cells.

© McGraw Hill, LLC 22

Which is the best example of an emergent property, a quality that

A. Stacking cups on top of each other makes a plastic pyramid.

© McGraw Hill, LLC 23

Clicker Question #2, Solution

Which is the best example of an emergent property, a quality that

C. Welding metal together makes an office building.

© McGraw Hill, LLC 24

What are the characteristics of life? 2