WOLLO UNIVERSITY

KOMBOLCHA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

 CENG 5102 –
CONSTRUCTION EQUPMENT

Scrapers
 Scrapers

A Scraper is an equipment commonly used for scraping,

loading, hauling and discharging, including spreading large
quantities of earth over long distances, say around 3 Km. It
can scrape soil in layers of 15 cm to 30 cm in depth.
The scraper excavates (or cuts) by lowering the front edge
of its bowl into the soil. The bowl from edge is equipped
with replaceable cutting blades, which may be straight,
curved, or extended at the center (stinger arrangement).
Both the stinger arrangement and curved blades provide
better penetration than does a straight blade. However,
straight blades are preferred for finish work.

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 number of different types of scrapers, principal types
include
single engine overhung (two‐axle) scrapers,
 three‐axle scrapers,
 twin‐engine all‐wheel‐drive scrapers,
elevating scrapers,
auger scrapers,
push‐pull or twin‐hitch scrapers, and
 pull scrapers

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 two axle scraper elevated scraper

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 There are different methods used to increase a
Scraper’s productivity
1. Using Single or tandem Pusher ‐ This method is used
to assist scrapers by dozers during loading.
2. Push Pull loading ‐ In this method we use two
different scrapers. The first scraper will lower its bowl
and start excavating while the second one pushes the first
to get a maximum load then when the first is full the
second will lower its bowl and start excavating while
being pulled by the first to have a maximum load. After
they are both full, they disengage and travel separately to
the dumping site.
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 Estimating Scraper Production
Scraper cycle time is estimated as the sum of fixed cycle
time and variable cycle time
Fixed cycle time in this case includes spot time, load
time, and maneuver and dump time
Spot time represents the time required for a unit to position
itself in the cut and begin loading, including any waiting for
a pusher.
Variable cycle time, or travel time, includes haul time and
return time. As usual, haul and return times are estimated
by the use of travel‐time curves or by using the average
speed method with performance and retarder curves

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 It is usually necessary to break a haul route up into
sections having similar total resistance values. The
total travel time required to traverse all sections is
found as the sum of the section travel times
In determining the payload per scraper cycle, it is
necessary to check both the rated weight payload and
the heaped volume capacity. The volume
corresponding to the lesser of these two values will of
course, govern

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 Example
 Estimate the productivity of a 631 D single engine two – axle
tractor scraper, whose travel time curves are shown in Figure
and fixed cycle time shown next slideTable based on the
following information
Maximum Heaped Volume = 24 Lm3
 Maximum Pay Load = 34,020 kg
 Material Density = 1,898 kg/Bm3 or 1,571 kg/ Lm3 (Sandy
Clay)
Rolling resistance = 50 kg/t
 Job efficiency = 50 min/Hr
 Operating Conditions = Average
 Pusher Type = Single Pusher
Use g = 10 m/ s2

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 Haul Route:
Section 1 – Level loading area
 Section 2 – Down a 5% grade ( L = 610 m)
 Section 3 – Level Dumping Area
 Section 4 – Up a 5% grade ( L = 610 m)
Section 5 – Level turn around ( L = 183 m)

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 Scraper fixed time(min)

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 Solution
I.Load per cycle
Weight of heaped capacity = (v)24 x (d)1,571 = 37,
794 kg, but maximum payload = 34, 020 kg
Since weight exceeds rated payload, maximum
capacity is:
Load = 34, 020 / 1, 898 = 17.9 Bm3/load
Effective Grade:
Haul = ‐ 4.0 + 50/10 = +1 %
Return = 4.0 + 50/10 = +9 %
Turnaround = 0 + 50/10 = +5 %

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  II. Travel Time:
 Section 2 = 1.02 min (Figure 2 – 12)
 Section 4 = 1.60 min (Figure 2 – 13)
 Section 5 = 0.45 min (Figure 2 – 13)
Total = 3.07 min
III. Fixed Cycle Time
Load Time = 0.3 min
Load = 0.6 min
Maneuver and Dump = 0.7 min
Total = 1.6 min
 Total Cycle Time = 3.07 + 1.6 min = 4.67 min IV.
Productivity of Scraper
 Q =Vn* no* η
= 17.9 Bm3 * 60/4.67 * 50/60
=192 Bm3/hr a
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 Choice of Hauler Equipments
The choice of the type and size of haulers is based on the
consideration that the number of haulers selected must be
capable of disposing of the excavated materials
expeditiously.
Factors which affect this selection include
A. Output of excavators: The size and characteristics of the
excavators selected will determine the output volume
excavated per day.
B. Distance to dump site: Sometimes part of the excavated
materials may be piled up in a corner at the job‐site for use as
backfill.

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 C. Probable average speed: The average speed of the
haulers to and from the dumping site will determine
the cycle time for each hauling trip.
D. Volume of excavated materials: The volume of
excavated materials including the part to be piled up
should be hauled away as soon as possible.
E. Spatial and weight constraints: The size and weight
of the haulers must be feasible at the job site and over
the route from the construction site to the dumping
area

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 Hoisting Equipments

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 Hoisting equipment
Hoisting equipments are used for vertical
transportation. Cranes, Heavy Cranes and Tower
Cranes are commonly used
Cranes
Cranes are primarily used for lifting, lowering, and
transporting loads. They move loads horizontally by
swinging or travelling. Most mobile cranes consist of a
carrier and superstructure equipped with a boom and
hook

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 Reading assignment
2.1.3. Compaction and Stabilization Equipments
2.2.4. Batching Equipments
3.1. Construction Equipment Ownership
3.2. Construction Equipment Costs
3.4. Construction Equipment – Maintenance

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 Mobile Crane Hydraulic Heavy Crane

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