REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION IN
FLOWERING PLANTS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

POST-FERTILIZATION
STRUCTURES AND EVENTS
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i z a ti on
Fe r til
Post- tures and
Struc nts
Ev e
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Development of endosperm and embryo, maturation of ovules

into seeds and ovary into fruit are collectively termed as post-
fertilization events.
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Endosperm
 This is a product of triple fusion and develops from central cell of
embryo sac.
 The cells of this tissue are filled with reserve food materials.
It is generally a
 Theytriploid
are used for the nutrition of the
tissue.
developing embryo.
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 It is absent in families such as Orchidaceae, Podostemaceae and
Trapaceae.
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Plant Nature of Endosperm

Cereals (e.g. Rice, Wheat) Starchy

Cereals (e.g. Maize) Proteinaceous (Aleurone layer)
Castor, Coconut Oily
Ivory palm Cellulosic
Date palm Hemicellulosic
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 The stony endosperm is present in betel nut (Areca nut) and date
palm(Phoenix dactylifera).

 Diploid endosperm is found in Oenothera.

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• Mature seeds are of two types :
Non endospermic or exalbuminous seeds :
 In seeds like gram, pea, groundnut the endosperm is completely
consumed by developing embryo, thus the seeds are called non-
endospermic or exalbuminous.
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Endospermic or albuminous seeds:
 In monocots and castor, bean (dicots) embryo does not consume all
the endosperm. So, it persists in the mature seed.
 Such seeds are called endospermic or albuminous seeds. In these
seeds, food is stored in endosperm.
e.g. Wheat, Maize, Barley, Sunflower, Coconut.

Wheat Maize
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Sunflower Barley

Coconut
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Embryo
 The development of an embryo from a zygote is called Embryogeny.
 Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac where
the zygote is situated.
 Most zygotes divide only after certain amount of endosperm is
formed.
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 This is an adaptation to provide assured nutrition to the
developing embryo.
 It means endosperm development precedes embryo development.

Early stages of
embryogeny are
similar in both
monocotyledons and
dicotyledons.
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Stages in embryo development in a dicot
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Dicot embryo
 A typical dicot embryo consists of an embryonal axis (Tigellum) and
two cotyledons.
 The portion of embryonal axis above the level of cotyledons is the
epicotyl, which terminates with the plumule or stem tip(first apical
bud of shoot).
 The cylindrical portion below the level of cotyledons is hypocotyl that
terminates at its lower end in the radicle or root tip.

The root tip is

covered with a
root cap.
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A typical dicot embryo
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Monocot embryo
 Embryos of monocotyledons possess only one cotyledon.
 In the grass family, the cotyledon is called scutellum that is situated
towards one side (lateral) of the embryonal axis.
 At its lower end, the embryonal axis has the radical and root cap is
enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath called coleorhiza.

 The portion of the embryonal axis above the level of attachment of

scutellum is the epicotyl.
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 Epicotyl has a shoot apex and a few leaf primordia enclosed in a
hollow foliar structure, the coleoptile.
 The outer covering of the endosperm separates the embryo by a
proteinaceous layer called aleurone layer.
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L.S of an embryo of grass
(Monocot)
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Perisperm
 Mostly nucellus is consumed after fertilization due to absorption of
food by the endosperm and embryo.
 But in some seeds remnants of nucellus are of persistant nature. This
residual, persistent nucellus is called perisperm.
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 Such seeds are called perispermic seeds.
e.g. Black pepper (Piper nigrum), Beet.

Black pepper Beet

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MCQ
1.The cells of the endosperm are filled with reserve food materials and
S
are used for the nutrition of developing embryo is generally a --- in
angiosperms.
1) Triploid tissue
2) Diploid tissue
3) Haploid tissue
4) Hexaploid tissue
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2.The portion of the embryonal axis above the level of cotyledons is…
1) Hypocotyl
2) Epicotyl
3) Coleorhiza
4) Radicle
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3. PEN develops into….

1) Thalamus
2) Embryo
3) Endosperm
4) Periderm
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4. Perisperm is found in the seeds of….

1) Piper
2) Barley
3) Beans
4) Groundnut
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5. In gram, pea and groundnut plants….

1) Endosperm is not formed in life cycle
2) Embryo development precedes endosperm development
3) Mature seeds lack endosperm
4) Non- albuminous seeds are formed due to absence of triple
fusion
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6.Remnant of nucellus seen in the seed is….

1) Periderm
2) Perisperm
3) Embryo
4) Endosperm
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Thank you…