ENGINE MESUREMENTS

and
PERFORMANCE
BORE and STROKE

• The size of an Engine cylinder is

given by its bore and stroke.

BORE – is the diameter of the

cylinder.

STROKE – is the distance the

piston travels from BDC to TDC.
PISTON DISPLACEMENT
• Piston displacement is sometime called as “Swept volume”. This is
the volume that the piston displace or sweeps out as it moves from
BDC to TDC.
V = π x D2 x L x Nc
4

The larger the displacement, the larger the engine. Engine size in North American vehicles
used to be described in CID, or cubic inch diameter. In late-model vehicles, volume is
described in liters or cubic centimeters.
COMPRESSION RATIO

• The compression ratio is the

measure of how much the air-
fuel mixture is compressed
during the compression stroke.
Compression ratio is found by
dividing the volume of the
cylinder and the combustion
chamber when the piston is at
BDC by the volume when the
piston is at TDC.
• PROBLEM

One Engine has a cylinder volume of 42.35 cubic inches (694 cc)
at BDC. It has a clearance volume of 4.45 cubic inches(73 cc). What is
the compression ratio of the engine?
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY

• Volumetric Efficiency (VE) – is the measure of how completely the cylinder

fills with air and fuel mixture during the intake stroke.
ENGINE TORQUE

• Engine torque results from combustion pressure pushing down on the

pistons. When the piston is moving down on the power stroke, it applies
torque through the connecting rod to the engine crankshaft.
ENGINE POWER

• Engine power is the power available in the crankshaft to do work.

INDICATED POWER
• Indicated Power is the power developed inside the combustion
chamber during combustion. It is determined by measuring the
pressure in the cylinder.

where:
IP = indicated power (KW)
Pmi = indicated mean effective pressure, N/m2
L = length of stroke (m)
A = cross sectional area of piston (m2)
N = power stroke per min
= 2 cn / s
* n = engine rotative speed
s = stroke per cycle
BRAKE POWER

• Brake Power is the power Calculating Brake power using

available from the engine Dynamometer:
crankshaft to do work.

BP = Pmb LAN
60000

where:

Pmb = brake mean effective pressure, N/m2

L = length of stroke , m
A = cross sectional area of the cylinder, m2
N = rpm of the crankshaft
FRICTION POWER

• Friction power is the power required to overcome the friction of the

internal moving parts.
FP = IP - BP
BRAKE POWER

• Relating BP, IP, and FP

BP = IP - FP
ENGINE EFFICIENCY

• THERMAL EFFICIENCY
• Engine Thermal Efficiency is the relation between the power
produced and the energy in the fuel burned to produce power.

ℯt = Power / heat supplied by fuel

ℯt = Power / mf HV
ENGINE EFFICIENCY

• VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
• the ratio of the equivalent volume of the fresh air drawn
into the cylinder during the intake stroke to the volume of
the cylinder itself.

ηv = actual volume of air entering, V A

piston displacement , VD
• PROBLEM 1

• An eight cylinders, two stroke diesel cycle engine with a 40 cm bore x 50 cm

stroke uses 5.0 kg/min. of fuel with a lower heating value of 42,570 kJ/kg. The
engine developed 1080 KW at a speed of 270 rpm. The average indicated
mean effective pressure is 570 Kpa. Determine the mechanical efficiency.
• PROBLEM No. 2

A six cylinder, 4-stroke Diesel engine with 3 x 3.5 inch cylinder ,

when tested in the laboratory was running at 2,000 rpm. The brake
torque is 113 lb-ft when all the cylinders are firing. The indicated power
is 51.2 hp. Determine the brake power, the mechanical efficiency of the
engine and the mean effective pressure.
• PROBLEM 3
A four cylinder, single-acting, four stroke cycle diesel engine with
a stroke-to-bore ratio of 1.5, operating at 1200 rpm, consumes 12.5
kg/hr. of fuel. The load length brake arm is 150 kg. if the brake mean
effective pressure was found to be 3 Kpa. Determine the diameter of
the bore, in mm.