Department

of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering

EARTHING

ABES
Engineering College,
Prepared By:
Ghaziabad EE Faculty Group (First Year)
 CONTENTS
 Definition

 Types
 Natural Earthing
 Equipment Earthing
 Importance of Earthing
 Methods of Earthing
 Wire or Strip Earthing
 Rod Earthing
 Pipe Earthing
 Plate Earthing
 Waterman Earthing or Earthing through Water Mains
 Grounding Vs Earthing
Electrical Earthing : Definition
 DEFINITION: The process of transferring the immediate discharge
of the electrical energy directly to the earth by the help of the low
resistance wire is known as the electrical earthing.
 The electrical earthing is done by connecting the non-current
carrying part of the equipment or neutral of supply system to the
ground.
 Mostly, the galvanised iron is used for the earthing.
 The earthing provides the simple path to the leakage current. The
short circuit current of the equipment passes to the earth which has
zero potential. Thus, protects the system and equipment from
damage.
Electrical Earthing : Types
The electrical equipment mainly consists of two non-current
carrying parts. These parts are neutral of the system or frame of
the electrical equipment. Earthing can be classified into two types.
 Neutral Earthing
 Equipment Earthing.
 Electrical Earthing : Natural Earthing

Neutral Earthing
 In neutral earthing, the neutral of the system is directly connected
to earth by the help of the GI wire.
 The neutral earthing is also called the system earthing. Such type
of earthing is mostly provided to the system which has star
winding.
 For example, the neutral earthing is provided in the generator,
transformer, motor etc.
 Types: Unearthed Neutral System
Solid Neutral Earthed System
Resistance (Low & High) Neutral Earthing System
Resonant Neutral Earthing System
 Electrical Earthing : Equipment Earthing

Equipment Earthing
 Such type of earthing is provided to the electrical equipment. The
non-current carrying part of the equipment like their metallic
frame is connected to the earth by the help of the conducting
wire.
 If any fault occurs in the apparatus, the short-circuit current to
pass the earth by the help of wire. Thus, protect the system from
damage.
 Electrical Earthing : Importance of Earthing

 The earthing protects the personnel

from the short circuit current.
 The earthing provides the easiest
path to the flow of short circuit
current even after the failure of the
insulation.
 The earthing protects the apparatus
and personnel from the high voltage
surges and lightning discharge.
 It prevents the risk of fire that could
otherwise be caused by current
leakage.
 Electrical Earthing : Importance of Earthing

 Reduced magnitude of transient

over voltages
 Simplified ground fault location
 Improved system and equipment
fault protection
 Reduced maintenance time and
expense
 Greater safety for personnel
 Improved lightning protection
 Reduction in frequency of faults
 Electrical Earthing : Methods of Earthing

Methods of Earthing
 Wire or Strip Earthing,
 Rod Earthing,
 Pipe Earthing,
 Plate Earthing
 Waterman Earthing or earthing through water mains.
 Electrical Earthing : Wire Earthing

Wire Earthing
 Wire Earthing is made by joining
the number of rods through copper
conductors.
 It reduced the overall grounding
resistance.
 Such type of system helps in limiting the ground potential. Wire
earthing is mostly used in a placed where the large fault current is
to be experienced.
 It is also termed as Earthing Mat.
 Electrical Earthing : Rod Earthing

Rod Earthing
 In this type of earthing any wire,
rod, pipe, plate or a bundle of
conductors, inserted in the ground
horizontally or vertically.
 Electrodes are embedded in the
soil and thus decrease the resistance of the earth as required.
 In distributing systems, the earth electrode may consist of a rod,
about 1 meter in length and driven vertically into the ground.
 In generating substations, grounding mat is used rather than
individual rods.
 Electrical Earthing : Pipe Earthing

Pipe Earthing
 This is the most common and
best system of earthing as
compared to other systems
suitable for the same earth
and moisture conditions.
 In this method the galvanized steel and perforated pipe of
approved length and diameter in place upright in a permanently
wet soil, as shown below. The size of the pipe depends upon the
current to be carried and type of soil.
 Electrical Earthing : Plate Earthing

Plate Earthing
 In Plate Earthing an earthing
plate either of copper of
dimension 60cm×60cm×3m of
galvanized iron of dimensions
60 cm× 60 cm×6 mm is buried
the ground with its face vertical at a depth of not less than 3 meters
into
from ground level.
 The earth plate is inserted into auxiliary layers of coke and salt for
a minimum thickness of 15 cm.
 The copper plate and copper wire are usually not employed for
grounding purposes because of their higher cost.
 Electrical Earthing : Waterman Earthing

Waterman Earthing
 In this type of earthing the GI or
copper wire are connected to the
water mains with the help of the
steel binding wire which is fixed
on copper lead as shown below.
 The water pipe is made up of
metal, and it is placed below the
surface of the ground, i.e. directly
connected to earth.
 The fault current flow through the GI or copper wire is directly get
earthed through the water pipe.
 Electrical Earthing : Grounding Vs Earthing
Basis For
Grounding Earthing
Comparison
Definition The current carrying part The body of the equipment
is connected to ground. is connected to ground.
Location Between the neutral of Between the equipment
the equipment and body and earth pit which is
ground placed under the earth
surface.

Zero Potential Does not have Have

Protection Protect the power Protect the human from
system equipment. electric shock.
Application Provide the return path It discharges the electrical
to the current. energy to the earth.
 Electrical Earthing : Grounding Vs Earthing
Basis For
Grounding Earthing
Comparison
Types Three (Solid, Resistance Five (Pipe, Plate, Rod
and Reactance earthing, earthing through
grounding) tap and strip earthing)
Color of wire Black Green
Use For balancing the For avoiding the electrical
unbalance load. shock.
Examples Neutral of generator and The enclosure of the
power transformer is transformer, generator,
connected to ground. motor etc. are connected
to the earth.
Symbol
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