CHAPTER 4:

COMPONENTS OF
SPECIAL AND
INCLUSIVE
EDUCATION
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the aim is to describe the
components and processes involved in
identifying children trough assessment and
providing varied means of support.
OBJECTIVES:
 Enumerate the process in Child Find through the pre-
referral process
 Identify the assessment tools, methods, and principles in
working with children with additional needs
 Identify the different placement within a cotinuum
 Compare accomodations and curriculum odifications
 Identify ways how to involve parents as part of the home-
school collaboration
I. CHILD FIND THROUGH A PRE-REFERRAL
PROCESS
Referral for evaluation and special education services
begins by identifying students who have additional needs
and who may be at risk for developmental disabilities.
School guidance counselors, early childhood teachers,
primary school teachers, and community-based daycare
workers are often the first to notice such developmental
delays in children.
A. PRE-REFERRAL PROCESS
 A child noted to have significant difficulties in relation to
expected competencies in developmental milestones may
be referred by parents and teachers for observation and
assessment. A team of professionals, known as apre-
referral team, is compromised of special education
teachers, counselors, administrators, and psychoogists
who collaborate to determine reasons for the observed
challenges (Hallahan et al. 2014)
 Taylor (2009) provided an assessment model
that begins with a pre-referral process.
Children with noted developmental delays and
difficulties are identified through observations
and use of norm- and criterion- referenced
tests. They are not immediately referred for
special education testing but are first provided
with the necessary acdemic and behavioral
support needed to addres noted challenges. In
his assessment tool, Taylor (2009) explained
that the initial step is to determine teaching
areas where a learner will benefit from
additonal support through a variety of means.
B. PRE-REFERRAL STRATEGIES
 Essential in the pre-referral intervention is the
pre-referral strategies that are designed to
provide immediate instructional and/or
behavior management support to a chid. Using
such strategies lessens the number of cases
reffered for special education and makes
efficient use of time and financial resources
that could have been spent for special educatio
assessment (Heward 2013).
Introduction
You can give a brief description of the topic you want to talk
about here. For example, if you want to talk about Mercury, you
can say that it’s the smallest planet in the entire Solar System
 1
Dyscalculia
You can enter a subtitle here
if you need it
What is Dyscalculia?
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and
the smallest one in the entire Solar System.
This planet's name has nothing to do
with the liquid metal, since Mercury was
named after the Roman messenger god.
Despite being closer to the Sun than Venus,
its temperatures aren't as terribly hot as that
planet's. Its surface is quite similar to that of
Earth's Moon, which means there are a lot of
craters and plains
Speaking of craters, many of them were
named after artists or authors who made
significant contributions to their respective
fields. Mercury takes a little more than 58
days to complete its rotation, so try to
imagine how long days must be there! Since
the temperatures are so extreme, albeit
not as extreme as in Venus, and the solar
radiation is so high, Mercury has been
deemed to be non-habitable for humans
How does it affect
math learning?
Do you know what helps you make your point
clear?

Lists like this one:

● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!

And the most important thing: the audience won’t

miss the point of your presentation ever again
Basic skills interference
Reading
Mercury is the closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest one in the
Solar System—it’s only a bit larger
than the Moon
Writing
Venus has a beautiful name and is the
second planet from the Sun. It’s hot
and has a poisonous atmosphere
The three D’s

Dyscalculia Dysgraphia Dyslexia

Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful Despite being red, Mars is a
planet to the Sun and the name and is the second cold place. It’s full of iron
smallest of them all planet from the Sun oxide dust
About Dysgraphia

Letter writing Numeral writing

Venus is the second planet Jupiter is the biggest planet of
from the Sun them all

Planing Organizing
Despite being red, Mars is Saturn is a gas giant and has
actually a cold place several rings
 3
Dyslexia
You can enter a subtitle here if
you need it
About Dyslexia

Word recognition Decoding Spelling

Mercury is the closest Venus is the second planet Mars is actually a very cold
planet to the Sun from the Sun place

Spoken word Phonemes Rhymes

Jupiter is the biggest planet Saturn is composed of Neptune is the farthest
of them all hydrogen and helium planet from the Sun
Awesome
words
 “This is a quote, words full of wisdom that
someone important said and can make the
reader get inspired.”
–Someone Famous
A picture is
worth a
thousand words
 Non-Verbal
4 disabilities
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it