Filtration Based Current

Allocation of Hybrid
Energy Storage System
for Ramp Rate Control of
Micro-Grid using Whale
Optimization Algorithm

Nouman Alam Siddiqui

Registration No.: 2019-MSEE-202
 Developing the MG network with RES on SIMULINK tool of
MATLAB

Design of appropriate HESS for power quality

improvement and ramp rate control
Research
Objectives Implementing DEMA for ramp rate control of the
designed MG system using data of a renewable
generation

WOA-FBM hybrid control development

 As per GSR ‘22 solar and wind generation marked
up 10 % share of generation globally in 2021

As per NEO ’21 report, to meet net-zero

emissions target by 2050
Renewable
82% share of solar and wind generation in ‘Green
Energy Scenario’
Importance 64% share of solar and wind generation in ‘Grey
Scenario’

39% share of solar and wind generation is

required in ‘Red Scenario’
 Ramp Rate Fluctuations
Renewable
Energy Power Quality Issues
Integration Looped Controller Stability Issues
Issues
Intermittent Power Generation issues
Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
Applications

Ramp Rate Controlling

Link-Bus Stability
Improvement

Power Quality Improvement

Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS)

High Energy Component (BESS)

High Power Component (SC)

Effective to counter high-energy

and high-power disturbances
HESS Topologies

Passive: Storage components are connected

directly to bus and no energy flow control

Semi Active: One HESS component is

connected through DC/DC converter and
its energy flow can be controlled

Active: Both HESS component are

connected through DC/DC converters and
their energy flow can be controlled
Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
Applications

Ramp Rate Controlling

Link-Bus Stability
Improvement

Power Quality Improvement

Ramp Rate Control Techniques

Moving Average Smoothing (MA)

Exponential Moving Average

Smoothing (EMA)

Dynamic Exponential Moving

Average Smoothing (DEMA)
 MA essentially ignores older data points by giving ‘0’
weights

The weights associated with relevant data points are

MA & EMA equal

Shortcomings Major drawback of using MA & EMA method is the

arbitrary choice of smoothing constant

Memory effect will invariably smooth the PV output

power even though there is no significant fluctuation

Storage System is allowed to operate even though

there is not significant fluctuation
 No memory effect as the weights associated
with the PV data points are based on PV
Dynamic ramp-rates

EMA Storage System operates only during ramp

violation events for which it optimally
Advantages charges/discharges to control the ramp-rate

Reduced stress on the storage system

Ramp Rate Control with Dynamic Exponential Smoothing
Ramp Rate Controller
Real MG Data – PV Generation
Real MG Data – PV Gen Profile 8 hours
Smoothed PV - DEMA vs EMA
Battery Usage 8 Hours
Accumulative Battery Usage 8 Hours
 High frequency power is allocated
Filtration to high-power component of HESS
Based
Methods Low frequency power is allocated
to high-energy component of HESS
(FBM)
Natural filter improves stability of
the inter-link busbar
HESS FBM Current Allocation Techniques

Rule Based FBM

• Discontinuous operation of HESS makes it prone to instability

Current Sharing Co-efficient FBM

• Increases overall BESS usage

Adaptive Cut-off Frequency FBM

• Improves stability but HESS continuous operation is not
guaranteed
Whale Optimization Algorithm

Meta-heuristic optimization technique

Exploits feeding pattern of hump-back

whales to hunt optimized solution

Powerful searching algorithm capable of

avoiding local minima traps
 Introduction to
WOA
 The whales use bubble-net
strategy while searching and
attacking their prey.

 (i) Search for the prey

(Exploration phase)
 (ii) Encircling prey
 (iii) Bubble-net attacking method
(Exploitation phase)
Whale Optimization Algorithm
 Whale Optimization gives more freedom of
degree in constraint softening

Advantages of The hardness/stiffness of the constraint can be

Whale adjusted to the required values for a better
control output with great ease
Optimization
More features/factors affecting the battery life
and control voltages can be considered easily
through redefining of the objective function
 A comprehensive control technique which will combine
the best of already available techniques

Utilize the searching power of the WOA to find optimum

operating point and optimally allocate power between
HESS components
WOA-FBM
Dual manipulated variables: 1. Power Sharing Co-efficient
2. Variable cut-off frequency

More controllability makes the feedback control more

robust and continuous operation of HESS is guaranteed
Whale Optimization Based HESS Current
Allocation Flow Diagram
 One of the component reaches its operational limit
normally high-power component (SC)

SC current is suddenly made to drop to zero causing

Discontinuous sustained oscillations

HESS High frequency current is also allocated to BESS

operation Increased BESS usage and high stress caused by high

frequency currents

Reduced stability due to outage of the parallel

super capacitor (SC)
 Modelling and implementation of MG with RES

Modeling of HESS components and SoC estimations

PI control development of the DC/DC converters for the HESS

Research components and interlink DC bus voltage

Methodology Development of dynamic exponential smoothing algorithm

Development of WOA-FBM algorithm

Simulations and results analysis showing reduced BESS usage,

controllability and voltage profile improvement
 HESS Parameters Design

Quantity Value Calculation

PV Rating 66 kW Maximum value from Real Data
Power Rating SC 13.2 kW 20 % of PV rating
Charge Capacity SC 2.56 kWh (80Whx2x16) Nearly 11 minutes charge time
Or (20Ah?)
Nominal Voltage SC 128 V (64x2) Datasheet (BMOD0141 P064 B04)
Charge Capacity SC 240Wh (80Whx1x3) Nearly 1 minute charge time
Or (3.75Ah?)
Nominal Voltage SC 64 V (64x1) Datasheet (BMOD0141 P064 B04)
Power Rating BESS 27 kW >40 % PV Rating
Charge Capacity BESS 27 kWh (75Ahx6=450Ah) 6 strings of 5 cells in parallel
Nominal Voltage BESS 60 V (12x5) Datasheet (UCG75-12)
Accounts for intermittent PV Power Difference between
generation or intermittent renewable generation and MG
load changes HESS Power Profile 170 sec Bus load i.e.
P_d = P_PV - P_Load

Positive P_d means HESS is

loaded and Battery is bound to
discharge
Accounts for sudden load
changes or PV generation
loss/inception
Battery Current Zoomed
Battery Temperature with Ripple
Battery Capacity Loss by Ripple
Battery Capacity Loss by Retention
Expected Achievements
Smoother MG integration by using HESS

Effective ramp rate control of a MG with HESS which also reduces the overall
HESS usage

Implementation of HESS current allocation control using WOA-FBM

Improvement in the controllability of the SoC

Improvement in the battery life

Improvement in the inter-link bus voltage profile

Thank You