Thyristor Controlled Series

Compensator (TCSC)
ABDULLAH BILAL 2020-MSEE-501
Table of Content

 Introduction
 Importance of TCSC
 Basic Operation of TCSC
 Different Modes of Operations of TCSC
 Practical Implementation of TCSC
 Case Study
 References
Introduction
Introduction

 TCSC
 Thyristor controlled series capacitor is a series FACTS device. TCSC is a capacitive
reactance compensator.
 The TCSC concept is that capacitor is inserted directly in series with the
transmission line and the thyristor-controlled inductor is mounted directly in
parallel with the capacitor.
 Thus no interfacing equipment like
high voltage transformer is required.
So TCSC is more economic than some
other challenging FACTS technologies.
Introduction
Importance of TCSC

 TCSC plays vital roles in the operation and control of power systems such as

 Enhancing power flow

 limiting fault current

 Enhancing transient stability

 Dynamic stability
Basic Operation of TCSC

 The basic structure of TCSC is shown in Fig.1. It is mainly constituted by four parts: series
compensating capacitor C, bypass inductance L, bi-direction thyristor SCR and zinc oxide
voltage limiter MOV.

 The degree of TCSC basic compensation is controlled by the capacity size of capacitor C.
The main function of bypass inductance L is to reduce the short circuit current and the
energy absorbed by MOV.

 Bi-direction thyristor SCR is used to transform the equivalent impedance of TCSC which
fulfill the needs in all kinds of power system condition, such as improving the stability,
increasing the transmission capability, restraining hypo synchronization resonance and so
on.
Modes of Operation of TCSC

 Blocking mode

 When the thyristor valve is not triggered and the TCSC is operating in blocking mode.
In this mode, the TCSC performs like a fixed series capacitor.

 Bypass mode

 In bypass mode the thyristor valve is triggered continuously and the valve stays
conducting all the time; so the TCSC behaves like a parallel connection of the series
capacitor with the inductor, Ls in the thyristor valve branch.
 Capacitive boost mode(Capacitive vernier mode)
 In capacitive Vernier mode the effective value of TCSC reactance increases beyond the
fixed value of capacitor as the firing angle is decreased from 90˚ to Alpha capacitor limit.
 In this mode capacitor is fired when the capacitor voltage and current are of opposite
polarity, thus TCR current is in the direction opposite to the capacitor current resulting in
the loop current which increases the voltage across the FC and enhances the equivalent
capacitive reactance and series compensation level for the same level of the line current.
 INDUCTIVE BOOST MODE:
 In inductive Vernier mode thyristor are fired with greater level of conduction period and
the inductive reactance increases above the fixed values of TCR reactance as the firing
angle is varied from 0 ˚ to αLlim
 Generally, when the trigger angle is 55~90, measuring from the peak of capacitor voltage,
the equivalent impedance of TCSC is appeared as capacitance.

 When the trigger angle is 0~50 the equivalent impedance of TCSC is appeared as
inductance as which characteristic can restrict short circuit current in system failure.
Practical Implementation of TCSC

 The very first TCSC developed by ABB in 1922, which later on installed at Kayenta
substation in Arizona. This helped increased the line loadability up to 30%

 Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (PGCIL) has purchased two Thyristor Controlled
Series Capacitors (TCSC) from ABB. The banks were installed on the Rourkela-Raipur
double circuit 400 kV power transmission interconnector between the Eastern and Western
regions of the grid. The length of the interconnector amounts to 412 km.
 The main purpose of this major AC inter connector is to enable export of surplus energy
from the Easter n to the Western regions of India during normal operating conditions, and
also during contingencies.

 The TCSC enable damping of interarea power oscillations between the regions, which
would otherwise have constituted a limitation on power transfer over the inter connector.
 Power oscillation damping Low frequency interarea oscillations are a well-known phenomenon
arising between distinct groups of rotating machines, interconnected by a weak or heavily loaded
AC tie.

 The interarea oscillation frequency is typically in the range below 1 Hz. Previous studies carried out
by PGCIL had identified poorly damped behaviour of the power grid manifesting itself in low
frequency interarea oscillations between the Eastern and Western regions.

 As a solution to these interarea low frequency power swings, the studies proposed two fixed Series
Capacitors, each with 40% degree of compensation of the Rourkela-Raipur line, and two TCSCs,
each with 5% degree of compensation of the Rourkela-Raipur line.

 For power oscillation damping (POD), by control of the boost factor, the TCSCs introduce a
component of modulation of the effective reactance of the power lines.

 During power swings the inserted TCSC reactance can be changed between –20.5 Ω capacitive,
corresponding to a boost factor of 3.0, and 1.3 Ω, corresponding to TCSC bypass.
Case Study of TCSC

 TCSC Integration in National Transmission system of Pakistan to enhance

transmission capability: A case study of Hub Jamshoro Section

 The aim of this work is to integrate TCSC into 500 KV Hubco-Jamshoro transmission line
to investigate the operational benefits. A simulation model is developed under
MATLAB/Simulink and many simulation studies are performed to verify the feasibility of
the proposed model for transmission line.
 HUBCO- JAMSHORO 500kV and181 km transmission line connected with NKI grid
station (GS) linked with Hub thermal power station and 500kV Jamshoro grid station. The
220kV system of K- electric that is KDA 220kV GS and Baldia 220kV GS is fed from
500kV NKI grid station. This GS is about 30km from Karachi city of Sindh province. The
grid station is equipped with two 600MVA, 500/220kV auto-transformers. The NKI grid
station is an interconnection station between K-Electric and NTDC which is shown in
Figure 2
 Transmission Line with TCSC implemented
 The implementation of TCSC in Hubco-Jamshoro transmission line is made in three stages i.e
unit 1, 2 and 3.The first stage represents 24% compensation, the second stage represents 48%
compensation and final stage represents 72% compensation.
 The power flow at 24% capacitive compensation is observed and found to be 59.4 MW with
TCSC compared to just 39.8MW without TCSC. After this, the first stage (unit 1) of TCSC is
fired in inductive mode and the results are measured to be 31.77MW. The line impedance at
this inductive firing is measured at 64.19ohms.
Comments of Authors

 The data collected from NTDC is compared with the simulation model and it varies in
accordance to collected data. After that the transmission line is simulated with TCSC
installed, the resulting outcome of transmission line shows that it transfers power in a
range of 35 to 42 MW per phase. This power transmission capacity can be raised to 54MW
by providing 24% compensation as shown by the simulated model. That results in an
overall improvement of 49%
 The model is then simulated to achieve compensation of 72% when the transmission line is
driven to upper thermal limit. The results of this simulation represent that the line could
transfer power up to156 MW with an overall improvement of 298%.
Reference

 TCSC Integration in National Transmission system of Pakistan to enhance

transmission capability: A case study of Hub Jamshoro Section
 Available at:http://www.ieomsociety.org/ieom2019/papers/171.pdf.