practical file

Made by :- Aditya Singh (class -9 c)

given to :- MS. Vandana (sci. mentor )

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 Chemistry
AIM:-
TO PREPARE:-
a) True solution of common salt
b) Suspension of soil ,chalk powder and fine sand in water
c) Colloids of starch .egg album in milk powder in water and to distinguish
between these on the basis of 1)transparency 2)filtration 3)stability
REQUIRMENTS :-
Common salt chalk powder
Sugar soil
Alum powder fine sand
Distilled water beakers
Burner china dish 2
PROCEDURE :-
• Take 3 clean and dry beakers
• Label them as A,B,and c
(i) True solution of common salt in water
• In the beaker labelled A take 50 ml distilled water
• Add 2 grams of dry common salt in the beaker
• With the help of the glass rod stir The salt until it completely dissolves
• Observe carefully

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(ii) True solution of sugar in water
• In the beaker labelled as B take 50 ml distilled water
• Add few sugar crystals to this beaker
• With the help of clean rod stir the sugar until it dissolves
• Observe carefully

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(iii)True solution of alum water
• In the beaker C takes about 50ml distilled water
• To this add a small amount of crushed alum
• With the help clean rod stir it until alum completely dissolves
• Observe carefully

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OBSERVATION:-
• In all the beakers a cleared transparent solution is
obtained
CONCLUSION :-
• In beaker A common salt is obtained
• In beaker B a true solution of sugar is obtained
• In beaker C a true solution of alum is formed

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 Biology
AIM:-
To identify parenchyma,collencyma,sclerencyma tissues in plants from
Prepared slides and to draw their labelled diagrams
REQUIRMENTS :-
• Permanent slides of different plants tissue
• Compound microscope
PROCEDURE :-
• Place the permanent slides of various plants tissues mentioned above one
by one under a compound microscope
• Observe under low and then high power
• Observe characteristic features and identity
• Draw neat, well labelled diagram of tissues observed
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Observations :-
(i) Parenchyma tissue
• Cells that are thin walled and isodiametric i.e. nearly equal in length and
width
• Intercellular spaces for exchange of gases are present
• Each cell possesses a large central vacuole and peripheral cytoplasm with
promenient nucleus
• Cells walls are observed
(ii) Collenchyma tissue :-
• Cells are elongated
• Intercelluar spaces are absent
• Nucleus which is prominent with cytoplasm at periphery is seen
• Main function is to provide mechanical strength
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(iii) Sclerenchyma tissue
• The cells are oval ,polygonal or of other shapes
• A very thick wall is present
• The corners are thick and walls lignified
• The cells are closely packed
• These are dead cells
Diagrams

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CONCLUSIONS :-
(i) Parenchyma
• These are plant cells as large vacuoles with peripheral cytoplasm along
with cell was the tissue slide
• Parenchyma cells are living present all over the plant body
• They help in storage ,perform photosynthesis or to float
(ii) Collenchyma
• The cells of this tissue are thick at the corner and provide mechanical
strength to plant parts
• Intercellular spaces are absent
(iii)Sclerencyma
• The sclerenchymatous tissue provides mechanical support to the Plant
• These are dead with hard lignified cell walls .also provide rigidity and enable
plants to with stand environmental stresses 10
 PHYSICS
AIM:-
To verify the laws of reflection of sound
REQUIRMENTS:-
Two clean metal tubes ,drawing sheet,wooden board ,table clock ,reflecting
surface like a metal sheet
PROCEDURE :-
• Fix the white chart paper on the wooden board with the help of thumbs
pins
• Draw a horizontal line draw a perpendicular to the sheet and mark it this is
normal
• Draw another line at an angle between 30 to 60 degree with the normal
which will be the path taken by the incident sound wave before hitting the
metal sheet and mark it. 11
• The angle of incidence of the sound wave
• Place one of the pipes on the drawn line and place the table clock at the end
of the metal tube on the side opposite to the metal sheet
• Now bring the other tube and position it in such as a way that it makes an
angle with the normal on the other side
• Draw a line to mark the position of the second tube where the loudest sound
of the table clock is heard
• The angle of reflection of the sound wave
• Measure angles and make a record of it

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OBSERVATION :-
SR.NO. Angle of incidence Angle of reflection
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2
3
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CONCLUSIONS:-
• The waves also follow the two laws of reflection namely
1. The angle of incidence = the angle of reflection
2. The incident ray , reflected ray and normal all lie on same plane and same
point

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REMARKS :-
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