Evidence of

Evolution
 EVOLUTION
• is the process by which species adapt over time in response to
their changing environment.

• Changes in the heritable traits of population of organisms as

successive generations replace one another.

• The change in the characteristics of species over several

generations and relies on the process of natural selection.
FOSSIL RECORDS

- Fossils are the preserved physical remains of organisms. It provide solid evidence
that organisms from the past are not the same as those found today.

- it show a progression of evolution.

- scientists determine the age of fossils and categorize them all over the world to
determine when the organisms lived relative to each other
FIVE TYPES OF
FOSSILS
BODY FOSSILS

- hard parts of the fossilized

remains of an animal or plant,
like bones, shells, and leaves.
These can be mould and cast
fossils.
MOLECULAR FOSSILS

- are often referred to as BIOMARKERS or

BIOSIGNATURES and represent products of
cellular biosynthesis that are incorporated
into sediments and eventually into a rock.
TRACE FOSSILS

- are marks left by an animal or

plant that has made an impression.
These fossils include nests, burrows,
footprints or any other markings of
the animal’s time on earth.
CARBON FOSSILS

- All living things contain an element carbon. When an

organism dies and is buried in sediment, the materials that
make an organism breakdown and eventually only the
carbon remains.
PSEUDO FOSSILS

- sometimes watery solutions of

various minerals speed through the
sediments and it takes the shape of
some plant part or animal. Their
study shows that they are neither
plants nor animals.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

structures from different species which

has similar internal framework and
position.

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

- similar physical features in organisms

that share a common ancestor, but the
features serve completely different
functions.
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

- are features of different species that

are similar in function but not
necessarily in structure and which do
not derive from a common ancestral
features and which evolved in
response to similar environmental
challenge.
COMPARATIVE
EMBRYOLOGY

- compare and contrasts embryos

of different species, showing how
all animals are related.
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY

- is concerned in the study

of biochemical
composition of the cells,
specifically the proteins
and the nitrogen base
sequence of DNA.
GENETIC INFORMATION AND MUTATION

- Scientists believe that the occurrence of mutation in some

organisms provide strong proof of evolution. Mutation may
involve change in gene structure, which resulted from
substitution, addition or deletion of a nitrogen base sequence of
a particular hereditary trait. Chromosome mutation likewise
involves change either on entire or portion of it. Mutation is
triggered by environmental factors such as exposures to
mutagens.
GENETIC INFORMATION

- organisms produce other similar organisms through

sexual reproduction, which allows the line of genetic
material to be maintained and generations to be
linked.
- as evolutionary evidence through finding
similarities in DNA sequences is fairy modern but by
far, provides the strongest evidence in support of the
theory of evolution.
Theory of
Evolution
TWO TYPES OF MUTATION
SPONTANEOUS MUTATION

- naturally occurring in the environment.

INDUCED MUTATION

- involved human intervention that takes

place on laboratories or breeding facilities.
For example, the mutation appearing in
the malformed daisies which are caused by
radiation.
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE

- or Vestigial organ – an anatomical feature or

behavior that no longer seems to have a purpose
in the current form of an organism of a given
species. Often, these vestigial structures were
organs that performed some important
functions in the organism at point in the past.
Assignment:

1. Evolution through natural

selection.