ATOMIC STRUCTURE

DEMOCRITUS 460 BC
► GreekPhilosopher
► Suggested world was
made of two things –
empty space and “atomos”
 Atomos – Greek word for
uncuttable
►2 Main ideas
 Atoms are the smallest
possible particle of matter
 There are different types of
atoms for each material
2
JOHN DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
1804
1. All matter is made of
atoms.
2. Atoms of one element
are all the same.
3. Atoms cannot be broken
down into smaller parts.
4. Compounds form by
combining atoms.
 DALTON’S EARLY ATOMIC
MODEL
► “BilliardBall” model
► he envisioned atoms as solid, hard
spheres, like billiard(pool) balls, so he
used wooden balls to model them
 J.J. THOMSON 1897

Discovered the electron

He was the first scientist to show

the atom was made of even smaller
things
 JJ THOMSON
► Used the Cathode ray tube to discover
electrons
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

Vacuum tube

Metal Disks
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passingan electric current

makes a beam appear to move
from the negative to the positive
end.
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passingan electric current

makes a beam appear to move
from the negative to the positive
end.
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passingan electric current makes

a beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end.
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passingan electric current makes

a beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end.
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

►By adding an electric field

 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

 By adding an electric field

 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

 By adding an electric field

 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

 By adding an electric field

 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

 By adding an electric field

 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

 By adding an electric field

 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+

-
-
 Adding an electric field cause the beam to
move toward the positive plate.
 Thomson concluded the beam was made
of negative moving pieces.
Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” Atom
Model
Democritus, Dalton, Thomson
Video
EUGEN GOLDSTEIN 1850-1930

Using a cathode ray tube he

discovered canal rays which are beams of
positively charged particles.
He is credited with the discovery of
protons in an atom.
Canal Rays discovery
 ERNEST RUTHERFORD -
1913

• discovered
the nucleus
of a gold
atom with his
“gold foil”
experiment
 RUTHERFORD’S CONCLUSION
►The atom is
mostly empty
space.
►There is a small,
dense center
with a positive
charge.
►Rutherford
discovered the
nucleus in atoms
RUTHERFORD’S CONTRIBUTION
TO THE ATOMIC THEORY

►The atom is
mostly empty
space.
►The nucleus is a
small, dense
core with a
positive charge.
GOLD FOIL VIDEO
RUTHERFORD’S ATOMIC
MODEL
 STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
► Atom – smallest particle of an element
that can exist alone
 Two regions of an atom
►Nucleus
 Center of atom
 Protons and neutrons
►Electron “cloud”
 Area surrounding nucleus
containing electrons
 Structure of the Atom
► Proton– Positive charge (+), 1
atomic mass unit (amu); found in the
nucleus
 amu -Approximate mass of a proton or a
neutron
► Neutron – Neutral charge (0), 1 amu;
found in the nucleus
► Electron – Negative charge (-), mass
is VERY small
 Counting Atoms
► Atomic Number
 Number of protons in nucleus
 The number of protons determines identity
of the element!!

► Mass Number (Atomic Mass)

 Number of protons + neutrons
 Units are g/mol
 Counting Atoms
►Isotopes

 Atoms of the same element with

varying number of neutrons.

 Different isotopes have different

mass numbers because the
number of neutrons is different.
 Counting Atoms
 Nuclear Symbol Notation
 ATOMS
► Protonshave a positive (+) charge and
electrons have a negative (-) charge

► Ina neutral atom, the number of

protons equals the number of electrons,
so the overall charge is zero (0)

 Example/ Helium, with an atomic number

of 2, has 2 protons and 2 electrons when
stable.
 IONS
► In a neutral atom
 Atomic number = # of protons = #of
electrons.
► Sometimes atoms will gain or lose
electrons and form IONS
► Because an electron has a negative
charge:
 When an atom GAINS electrons it becomes
NEGATIVE.
 When an atom LOSES electrons it becomes
POSITIVE.
 IONS

Cation = a positive ion

Anion = a negative ion

 Let’s Practice
►Aluminum (Al) (no periodic
table)
 Protons = 13
 Electrons =
 Atomic Number =
 Neutrons = 14
 Mass Number =
 Let’s Practice w/ nuclear
symbol notation
►Nuclear Symbol
notation (no
periodic table) 108
 Protons =
 Electrons = 47 Ag
 Atomic Number =
 Neutrons =
 Mass Number =
 Let’s Practice w/ isotopes
►use the periodic
table Uranium-235
 Protons =
 Electrons =
 Atomic Number =
 Neutrons =
 Mass Number =
 Let’s Practice with Ions
Use the periodic

K
39 1+
table
 Net Charge =
 Protons =
 Electrons =
 Atomic Number =
 Neutrons =
 Mass Number =
 PRACTICE DRILL
Standard
NET
ELEMENT Z P⁺ e⁻ n A CHARGE
Atomic
Notation

9
Beryllium 4 4
____ 2 5 9 2⁺
____ 4Be²⁺

79
Selenium 34 34 36 45
____ 79 2⁻
____ 34 Se²⁻

27
Aluminum 13 13 10 14
____ 27 3⁺ Al³⁺
13____

59
Nickel 28 28 25
____ 31 59
____ 3⁺ 28 Ni³⁺

23
Sodium 11 11 10 12
____ 23 1⁺
____ 11 Na¹⁺
 ACTIVITY #1
Standard
NET
ELEMENT Z P⁺ e⁻ n A CHARGE
Atomic
Notation

209
Bismuth 1 2 83 Bi⁵⁺

98
Molybdenium 3 4 42 Mo⁶⁺

Nitrogen 7 5 14 3⁻ 6

252
Einsteinium 7 8 99 Es³⁺

75
Arsenic 9 10 33 As³⁻
 ACTIVITY #1
Standard
NET
ELEMENT Z P⁺ e⁻ n A CHARGE
Atomic
Notation

113
Cadmium 11 12 48 Cd¹⁻

28
Silicon 13 14 14 Si⁴⁺

Tellurium 52 15 128 2⁻ 16

130
Antimony 17 18 51 Sb³⁻

208
Lead 19 20 83 Pb²⁺
 ANSWER KEY

1. 78 11. 49
2. 126 12. 1⁻
3. 42 13. 10
4. 98 14. 14
5. 10 15. 76
14 128
6. 7 N³⁻ 16. 52 Te²⁻
7. 99 17. 54
8. 3⁺ 18. 130
9. 33 19. 83
10. 42 20. 125