GENERATOR PROTECIONS

-Only stator considered as power circuit element.

-Its Protection need more attention. - Experience
Internal faults. -System
reflected faults.
Prime-Mover faults.
 INTERNAL ELECTRICAL FAULTS
• PHASE-PHASE FAULTS.
• PHASE-GROUND FAULTS.
• INTER-TURN FAULTS.
• DC- EXCITATION FAULTS.
 SYSTEM REFLECTED FAULTS
• EXCESSIVE STATOR CURRENT.
• LOW FREQUENCY.
• OVER VOLTAGE.
• MOTORING OF GENERATOR.
• UNBALANCE CURRENT CAUSING NEGATIVE
PHASE SEQUENCE CURRENS.
• LOSS OF SYNCHRONISM.
 CAPABILITY CURVE
• STATOR CURRENT OR HEATING LIMIT.
• ROTOR HEATING LIMIT.
• UNDER EXCITATION LIMIT.
• MAXIMUM ACTIVE POWER CAPABILITY
• MAXIMUM ‘MVARS’ SUPPLIED LIMIT.
• MAXIMUM ‘MVARS’ ABSORBED LIMIT.
• GEN.CAN ABSORB OR PRODUCE,REACTIVE
POWER.
 SPECIFICATIONS
• 1-SYSTEM FREQUENCY. Hz
• 2-MVA RATING. MVA
• 3-VOLTAGE RATING. KV
• 4-POWER FACTOR.
• 5-SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE. PU
• 6-TRANSIENT-REACTANCE. PU
• 7-SUB-TRANSIENT REACTANCE. PU
• 8-NEGATIVE SEQUENCE CAPABILITY. PU
• 9-MOTORING POWER. KW
• WINDING CAPACITANCE. µF
 STANDARD PROTECTION SCHEMES
• DESIGNATION NO. TYPE.
• 87 GEN.DIFFERENTIAL
• 51 STATOR EARTH FAULT
• 50 INSTANTANEOUS O/C.
• 46 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQ.
• 40 LOSS OF EXCITATION.
• 24 VOLT / HERTZ RELAY.
• 32 REVERSE POWER.
• 64 ROTOR EARTTH FAULT, AC
• INJECTION.
• 27 UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY.
• 59 OVER VOLTAGE RELAY.
• 81 UNDER FREQUENCY RELAY.
• 52 CIRCUIT BREAKER.
• 21 IMPEDANCE RELAY.
• 67 DIRECTIONAL O/C(V-RESTR.)
• 61 BREAKER POLE FAILURE
• 49 STATOR OVER-LOAD.( TEMP.)
• 60 VT FUSE LOSS.
• 70 OUT-OF-STEP.
• 25 SYNCHRO-CHECK RELAY.
 TYPE OF GROUNDING
• -SOLID;
• LOWEST SYSTEM Zo,FAULT CURRENT VERY
HIGH,EASY EARTH FAULT DETECTION,NO ARCING
GROUNDS, as If >>Ichargeing.
• RESISTANCE(NGR);
• REDUCED FAULT CURRENT,REDUCED TRANSIENT
OVER VOLTAGES,NOT SELF EXTINGUISHING,EARH
FAULT RELATIVELY EASY TO DETECT>
• REACTANCE;
• LOWER FAULT CURRENT,HIGHER TRANSIENT OVER
VOLTAGES,CHEAPER AT HIGHER VOLTAGE
LEVEL,OVER VOLTAGES DURING EARTH FAULTS.0.8
TO 1.Vφ-φ
• PETERSON COIL;
• Xe =∑X charging, ARCING FAULTS SELF
EXTINGUISHING, GOOD FOR TRANSIENT FAULT,OVER
VOLTAGES DURING EARH FAULTS = Vφ-φ, RESTRICT
USE OF AUTO-TRANSFORMER,DETECTION OF EARTH
FAULT DIFFICULT.
 PROTECTION SCHEME

59

V.T
59N

V/F

46
32
51 C.T

I.C.T.

87G

26
G
~
64F

40

26
SHAFT
CURRENT
46
C.T

21
32

59N
 POWER SYSTEM
• INTERACTION
OFCOMPONENTS,GENERATORS,TRANSMISSION AND
LOAD.
• THREE PHASE BALANCED SYSTEM,ENERGISED AT
DIFFERENT VOLTAGE LEVELS.
• OBJECTIVES; MINIMUM LOSSES,SAFETY AND
AVAILABILITY.
• FRQUENCY;INDICATOR OF ACTIVE POWER.
• VOLTAGE;INDICATOR OF REACTIVE POW
 MECHANISM OF FAULT CURRENT FLOW
• DURING EARTH FAULT CURRENT FLOW S VIA GROUND
TOWARDS SOURCE,REALISING ELECTRICAL ISOLATION AND
SHRING OF CURRENT BASED ON IMPEDANCES.
• GENERATOR PRODUCE ONLY POSITIVE SEQUENCE;NEGATIVE
AND ZERO AT FAULT POINT.
• PH-PH FAULTS,POS.AND NEG.SEQUENCE PRESENT.
• PH-G FAULTS; POS. NEG. AND ZERO SEQUENCE PRESENT.
• CONVERSION OF FAULT CURRENT IN DELTA-STAR WINDING.
Generator Current During Fault
Sequence Components
Sequence Components During Fault
 COMPONENTS OF A PROTECTIVE SYSTEM

• CT,VT,CVT ARE SENSING DEVICES.

• RELAYS.
• BREAKERS FOR ISOLATION.
• GROUNDING SYSTEM FOR SAFETY.
• DC SYSTEM FOR RELAYS AND CONTROL
SUPPLY.
• PLC AND SCADA SYSTEMS.
 CAUSES OF ABNORMAL CONDITIONS
• SYSTEM SHORT CIRCUITS.
• SWITCHING OVER VOLTAGES.
• FERRANTI EFFECT ON LONG HV LINES.
• LIGHTNING OVER VOLTAGES.
• SHIFTING OF SYSTEM NEUTRAL.
• DAMAGE PROPORTIONAL TO MAGNITUDE OF FAULT
CURRENT AND FAULT DURATION.
• TO KEEP IT NORMAL, NEED A PROTECTIVE SYSTEM.
 LOWERING TO SAFE VOLTAGES
• PRINCIPLE; SPREADING OUT ELECTRIC CHARGE OVER
LARGE EARTH SURFACE.
• VOLTAGE GRADIANT DURING GROUND FAULTS.
• TOUCH AND STEP POTENTIALS,RECOMMENDING
EARTH MESH.
• ARCING PHENOMENON AT HIGH IMPEDANCE
GROUNDS.
Voltage Gradient
 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY
• 300 mA Severe burns, breathing stops.
• 150 mA Ventricular fibrillation.
• 60 mA Extreme breathing difficulties.
• 30 mA Severe shock, muscle problem
• 15 mA Can not let go.
• 7 mA painful shock.
• 2 mA Mild sensation.
• Potential difference essential for current to flow.
• Elecrical contact not essential for electric shock.
 IMPEDANCE RELAYS
• Plain impedance: Only voltage and current
torques are compared.
CIRCUMFRENCE PASSING I
THROUGH ORIGON.
INHERENTLY V
DIRECTIONAL. V
MAXIMUM TORQUE I MHO
V
ALONG MAXIMUM CHORD.
TORQUE IS
PROPORTIONAL TO
PRODUCT OF V&I, WITH V
THIRD QUANTITY V.
 LOSS OF FIELD,IMPEDANCE RELAY
CHARACTERISTICS
Full Load
Generator Impedance

Impedance
Loss of relay trip
field zone
locus
 Differential Protection, 87

CT STATOR

P1 P2 P1 P2

S1 S2
S1 S2

OPERATING
COIL

RESTRAING
COIL
GENERATOR GROUND FAULT PROTECTION

A
B
Stator
C
CT
51

NGR
OVER VOLTAGE,59 & UNDER VOLTAGE ,27
(3rd Harmonic)
• Used with secondary winding of earthing Transformer, in
generator neutral.
• Impedance of earthing transformer is equal to winding
capacitance impedance.
• 3rd Harmonics are produced due to winding capacitance.
• Usually impedance of earthing transformer limit the fault
current from 5A to 15A.
• 59, is set to operate at 5% of maximum neutral voltage.
Protect only 95% winding.
• 27, sense the 3rd harmonic voltage.27 & 59 bring 100% stator
earth fault. Inject 15 to 20 Hz into neutral via secondary of
earthing Transformer and measure current.
 LOSS OF EXCITATION, 40
• BY UNINTENTIONAL OPENING OF FIELD BREAKER.
• OPEN OR SHORT CIRCUIT OF MAIN FIELD WINDING.
• FAULT IN THE ‘AVR’.
• GENERATOR GOES OUT OF SYNCHRONISM.
• STAOR CURRENT INCREASES.
• OPERATES AS INDUCTION GENERATOR.
• STILL DELIVERING ‘MW’.
• SPEED HIGHER THAN THE SYSTEM.
• ABSORB ‘VARS’ FROM SYSTEM FOR EXCITATION AND
VOLOTAGE DROPS IN THE SYSTEM
• EMF BECOMES LESS THAN TERMINAL VOLTAGE.
 40-cont…..
• STATOR END REGIONS AND ROTOR OVERHEATED.
• SALIENT POLE MACHINES ARE LESS SENSITIVE THAN
WOUND ROTOR.
• MEASURE CURRENT IN EXCITATION CIRCUIT,USING
UNDER CURRENT RELAY.
• USE DIRECTIONAL REACTIVE POWER MEASURING
RELAY.
• USE IMPEDANCE RELAY TO DETECT IMPEDANCE
LOCUS IN 4TH QUADRENT.
 ROTOR EARTH FAULT,64
• FIELD WINDING IS ELECRICALLY ISOLATED FROM GROUND.
• INSULATION FAILS DUE TO VIBRATIO,EXCESSIVE FIELD
CURRENT AND FAULTY COOLING.
• FIRST GROUND-NO HARM BUT INCREASED STRESSES TO
GROUND AT OTHER POINTS ESPECIALLY BY STATOR
TRANSIENTS.
• TWO OR MORE GROUNDS CAUSE MAGNETIC AND THERMAL
UNBALANCES.
• PESENCE OF FIRST GROUND FAULT MAKES DETECTION OF
SECOND FAULT DIFFICULT.
• BYPASSED WINDING DUE TO DOUBLE GROUND WILL
UNBALANCE THE AIR GAP FLUXES.
 64 cont….
• Increased field current unbalance the magnetic
forces on opposite side of rotor.
• Create vibration, spring the shaft and may rotor grind
against the stator.
• Conventional scheme using high impedance ground
of field DC.
• AC injection, 40V from 110V VTs is connected to
excitation circuit via a capacitive voltage divider and
measure AC leakage current.
• Inject 50V DC supply and measure leakage current.
 AC Injection Method
VT
40V
SUPPLY

CURRENT
TRIGGER

ROTOR

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE
DEVIDER
Conventional Ground Protection

EXCITER BEARING
FIELD WINDING

SLIP
RINGS

GROUNDIN
G BRUSH

LEAKAGE
RELAY
 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE CURREN
PROTECTION,46.
• NEGATIVE SEQUENCE CURRENTS(I2)ARE GENERATED DUE TO
UNBALANCE LOAD.
• SINGLE AND TWO PHASE SHORT CIRCUIT’
• NON TRANSPOSED LINES HAVING UNBALANCED
CAPACITANCE.
• WITH BALANCED LOAD AMPERE-TURN WAVE PRODUCED BY
STATOR CURRENT ROTAES SYNCHRONOUSLY WITH ROTOR.
• NEGATIVE SEQUENCE CURRNT HAS OPPOSITE PHASE
ROTATION AND PRODUCE ADDITIONAL AMPERE-TURN
WAVE,WHICH ROTATES IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION.THUS FLUX
WAVES ROTATE RELATIVELY AT TWICE THE SYNCHRONOUS
SPEED
 46 cont…..
• DOUBLE FREQUENCY CURRENT INCREASE EDDY-
LOSSES WHICH CAUSE EXCESSIVE OVER-HEATING.
• ABOVE CONTINUOUS ‘I2’ LIMIT, I2²t FACTOR IS
ESTABLISHED FOR TEMPRATURE RISE.
• CTs BASED I2 FILTERS OR FOURIOR-ANALYSIS OF
CURRENT WAVE-FORM,THEN USE OF OVER
CURRENT RELAY.
 Negative Sequence Relay
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RELAY 46
ALARM
STAGE TIMER

I2 ALARM

TRIP STAGE

THERMAL REPLICA

&
70

TIME 60

50

40

30

20

10

100 200 300 400 500 600

NEGATIVE SEQUENCE CURRENT I2

 REVERSE POWER RELAYS, 32.
• EITHER TURBINE OUTPUT REDUCES LESS THAN NO LOAD
LOSSES, WHILE THE GENERATOR IS STILL ON-LINE.
• GENERATOR ENERGISED AT LOW SPEED.
• SYNCHRONISING ERRORS(180°)
• GENERATOR OPERATE AS SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
• GENERATOR WILL NOT BE HARMED,PRIME MOVER MAY
HAVE SERIOUS DAMAGE.
• ACTIVE POWER FLOWS INTO GENERATOR.
• REVERSE POWER RELAY MEASURES LOW POWER LEVEL
ATLOW POWER FACTOR TO AVOID FALSE TRIP ON POWER
SWING.DELAYED PICK UP IS ALSO SUGGESTED.
 INADVERTANT ENERGIZATION.50/27
• OCCUR WHEN ENERGISED ON 3-PHASE WHILE
STAND STILL OR REDUCED SPEED.
• IT WILL ACCELERATE AS INDUCTION MOTOR.
• MACHINE CURRENT BECOMES HIGH.
• OVER CURRENT RELAYARMED BY A SPEED RELAY.
• OVER CURRENT RELAY WITH AN UNDER VOLTAGE
RELAY.
 24 cont…..
• INTER-LAMINAR INSULATION BREAK DOWN
FOLLOWED BY CORE MELTING.
• CAUSES:
• REGULATOR FAILURE.
• LOAD REJECTION.
• EXCESSIVE EXCITATION.
• CONTINUOUS OPERATION ABOVE 105% IS
NOT RECOMMENDED.
 AFFECTS ON PRIME MOVER
• STEAM TURBINES:
• STEAM INTAKE RAISES THE TEMPRATURE AS ACTIVE LOAD IS REMOVED.
• WINDAGE LOSS HEAT IS NOT PROPERLY REMOVED.
• HEATING OF LOW PRESSURE BLADES.
• HYDRAL TURBINE:
• KAPLAN & BULB TYPE ARE MORE SENSATIVE.
• SURFING OF TUBINE BLADES OCCURS
• AXIAL TORQUE ALONG WITH ROTATIONAL TORQUE- BEARING DAMAGES.
• DIESAL ENGINES:EXPLOSION FROM UNBURN FUEL
• GAS-TURBINES:
• POWER TO MOTOR A GAS TURBINE IS 10 TO 25% OF FULL LOAD RATING
DUE TO COMPRESSOR LOAD.
• HIGH ACTIVE LOAD IS SHIFTED TO THE SYSTEM.
 VOLT/HERTZ , 24.
• MEASURE OF FLUX IN THE CORE OF
GENERATOR.
• FLUX, B α V/ f.
• MODERATE OVER-
FLUXING,105%TO110%,CORE LOSS
INCREASES.
• MORE SEVERE ABOVE110 %,FLUX OVER
FLOWS INTO ADJACENT STRUCYURE.
Neutral Earth Fault

UNIT TRANSFORMER

GENERATOR

WINDING CAPACITANCE

100%
95%
59 27

- +
Relaying with Earthing Transformer

GEN

180 HZ
LOADING
EARTHING RESISTOR
59 27
TRANSFORMER

50
 Over voltage 59

59

VT

GEN Z