READ AND RESPOND

1. What is the outermost layer of the Earth

called?
Earth's Layers
The Earth is made up of different
layers. The outermost layer is called the crust,
which is where we live. Beneath the crust is
the mantle, which is very hot. At the center of 2. What is the mantle made of?
the Earth is the core, which is made of solid
iron and nickel. The crust is like the Earth's
skin, while the mantle is like hot, flowing
rock. The core is the Earth's innermost part
and is very, very hot. 3. What is the core made of?
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1. What are plate boundaries?

Plate Boundaries
Plate boundaries are where tectonic
plates meet. There are three main types of plate
boundaries: divergent, convergent, and
transform. Divergent boundaries are where 2. How many main types of plate boundaries are
there?
plates move apart, creating new crust.
Convergent boundaries are where plates collide,
causing mountains or earthquakes. Transform
boundaries are where plates slide past each
other, creating faults and earthquakes. 3. What happens at divergent plate boundaries?
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1. What are the three main stages of the rock
cycle?
The Rock Cycle
The rock cycle is a process that
describes how rocks change over time. It has
three main stages: igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic. Igneous rocks are formed from 2. How are igneous rocks formed?
cooled magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks are
made from the accumulation of sediment over
time. Metamorphic rocks are formed when
existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure
deep within the Earth. 3. What causes metamorphic rocks to form?
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1. What are the three main types of rocks?
Three Types of Rocks

There are three main types of rocks:

igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous
rocks are formed from cooled magma or lava. They 2. How are igneous rocks formed?
can be found near volcanoes or in places where
magma has cooled underground. Sedimentary rocks
are made from the accumulation of sediment over
time, such as sand, mud, and shells. Metamorphic
rocks are formed when existing rocks are changed
by heat and pressure deep within the Earth's crust. 3. What causes metamorphic rocks to form?
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1. What is matter?

Exploring Matter
Matter is everything around us that
has mass and takes up space. It can exist in
three states: solid, liquid, and gas. Solids
2. How many states of matter are there, and what
have a fixed shape and volume, like a rock or are they?
a book. Liquids have a definite volume but
take the shape of their container, such as
water or juice. Gases have neither a fixed
shape nor volume and can fill any space, like
the air we breathe. 3. Give an example of each state of matter.
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1. What is weathering?

Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition

Weathering, erosion, and deposition are
processes that shape the Earth's surface.
Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller
2. How does erosion differ from weathering?
pieces through chemical or physical means.
Erosion is the movement of these weathered
materials by wind, water, or ice. Deposition
occurs when these materials are deposited or
dropped in a new location, such as sediment
settling at the bottom of a river. 3. What is deposition, and where does it occur?
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1. What is a closed circuit?
Open and Closed Circuits
An electrical circuit is a path through
which electricity flows. A closed circuit is a
complete loop where electricity can flow
continuously, allowing devices like lights or 2. How does an open circuit differ from a closed
motors to work. In a closed circuit, all the circuit?
components are connected, forming an
unbroken pathway for the electric current. On
the other hand, an open circuit has a gap or
break in the pathway, preventing the flow of
electricity and causing devices to turn off or not 3. What happens in an open circuit?
function.
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1. What does the phrase "We all live
downstream" mean?
We All Live Downstream
"We all live downstream" is a phrase that
highlights the interconnectedness of our actions and
their impacts on the environment. It emphasizes that
what we do in one place can affect others 2. How can our actions affect others downstream?
downstream, whether it's pollution in rivers,
deforestation affecting water quality, or waste
disposal impacting ecosystems. This concept
reminds us of the importance of being mindful of
our actions and their broader consequences on the
environment and communities downstream from us. 3. Why is it important to be mindful of our
actions in relation to living downstream?
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1. What does the term "weather" refer to?

Understanding Weather
Weather refers to the atmospheric
conditions in a specific place at a particular time. It
includes factors like temperature, humidity, wind
speed, air pressure, and precipitation. Weather can 2. What are some factors included in weather?
change quickly, leading to variations in temperature,
cloud cover, and precipitation types. Understanding
weather patterns helps us prepare for different
conditions and impacts our daily activities, such as
choosing appropriate clothing or planning outdoor
events. 3. Why is it important to understand weather
patterns?
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1. What instrument measures temperature?
Weather Instruments
Meteorologists use various instruments to
measure and observe different aspects of weather.
One common instrument is the thermometer, which
measures temperature. Anemometers are used to 2. How do meteorologists measure wind speed?
measure wind speed, while barometers measure air
pressure. Hygrometers measure humidity levels, and
rain gauges collect precipitation data. Weather
balloons equipped with sensors can also provide
valuable information about upper atmosphere
conditions. 3. What is the purpose of a barometer in weather
measurement?
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1. Why is weather forecasting important for
Importance of Weather Forecasting planning daily activities?
Weather forecasting is crucial for various
reasons. It helps us plan our daily activities by
providing information about temperature,
precipitation, and wind conditions. Farmers rely on
2. How do farmers benefit from weather
weather forecasts to determine the best time for
forecasts?
planting and harvesting crops. Aviation and
maritime industries use forecasts to ensure safe
travel by avoiding severe weather conditions.
Additionally, accurate weather forecasting plays a
vital role in disaster preparedness and response, 3. How does weather forecasting contribute to
helping communities mitigate risks and protect lives disaster preparedness and response?
and property.
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1. What is a total eclipse?
Total Eclipse: A Spectacular Celestial Event A total
eclipse is a rare and mesmerizing celestial event that
occurs when the moon completely blocks the sun,
casting a shadow on Earth. This phenomenon happens
when the moon, sun, and Earth align perfectly, creating
a path of darkness known as the umbra. During a total 2. When does a total eclipse occur?
eclipse, the sky darkens dramatically, stars become
visible, and the sun's corona—a halo of hot gas
surrounding the sun—can be seen. Total eclipses are
awe-inspiring and often attract astronomers,
photographers, and curious spectators from around the
world to witness this breathtaking display of cosmic 3. What makes a total eclipse a spectacular
alignment. celestial event?