FUNDAMENTALS

OF
TENSES-II
 LET’S INTERPRET

She had cleaned the room when I got home yesterday.

 Explanation

Past perfect auxiliary verb "had" is used and, "cleaned"

is the past participle of the verb "clean." The past
perfect tense is used to indicate that the action of
cleaning the room was completed before another past
action (in this case, "I got home yesterday").
OVERVIEW OF PAST PERFECT
TENSE
We form the Past Perfect with had and the past
participle of a verb (e.g. started, taken):

I had taken it. OR I'd taken it. They had not started.
OR They hadn't started
TIMELINE OF PAST PERFECT TENSE
USAGE OF PAST PERFECT
1-An event before that time, we use the Past Perfect (e.g.
had been). Here is another example:

Now, talking about last Saturday:

Mary:We didn't need to queue because I had already bought

the tickets
 USAGE OF PAST PERFECT
2-We need the Past Perfect to make it clear that one of the events is
not in order:

D: I returned with my phone.

C: The bird had already flown away. (= The bird had gone before I
returned.)
USAGE OF PAST PERFECT
3-The Past Perfect is used in reported speech:

'I have suffered from asthma for many years!

She told the doctor that she had suffered from asthma for
many years.
 LET’S INTERPRET

The plumber had been fixing the water tape for two hours
 EXPLANATION
At some point in the past, the plumber
had been engaged in the ongoing activity
of fixing the water tap, and this had been
going on for a duration of two hours.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
An action that started in the past, continued
in the past, and also ended at a certain point
in the past.

Subject + had + been + present participle

(verb+ing) + the rest of the sentence
PRESENT
TENSES FOR
THE FUTURE?
BUT HOW?
 Present Continuous for Future:
This is formed using the present tense of the verb (am/are/is) + the
present participle (the -ing form of the main verb).
Examples:
• I am meeting a friend for lunch tomorrow.
• She is flying to Paris on Friday.
• We are having a party next weekend.
SIMPLE PRESENT

• The simple present can also be used to

express scheduled or planned future
events, especially with timetables,
schedules, or fixed arrangements.
Examples:
• The train leaves at 6 PM tomorrow.
• The concert starts at 8 PM.
• Our flight departs on Monday
morning.
USAGE OF
WILL AND
SHALL
LET’S INTERPRET

WILL YOU MARRY ME?

LET’S INTERPRET

I shall improve my cooking.