EARTH SCIENCE/

SOIL SCIENCE

DIFFERENT SOIL TYPE

SOIL STRUCTURE SOIL HORIZON SOIL PYRAMID
MINERAL IN SOIL SOIL ORDER
 Earth science is a branch of science that encompasses
the study of the Earth and its processes, including
geology, meteorology, oceanography, and

EARTH SCIENCE
environmental science. It examines various
phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanoes, weather
patterns, ocean currents, and the interactions
between the Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere,
biosphere, and geosphere.

SOIL SCIENCE

Soil science is the scientific study of soil as a natural

resource on the Earth’s surface. It involves investigating
the formation, composition, properties, and processes of
soil, as well as its interactions with the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, biosphere, and human activities.
At the end of the discussion, the
students are expected to:
Objectives:
 Identify the different soil type
 Define the different soil type
 Classify the different soil type
 Differentiate soil type in agriculture
 Define soil structure in agriculture
 Define soil pyramid
 Classify the minerals in soil
 Identify type of soil is rich in minerals
 Identify the use of minerals in soil
SOIL HORIZON
A soil horizon is a layer parallel to the soil surface whose physical,
chemical and biological characteristics differ from the layers above and
beneath. Horizons are defined in many cases by obvious physical
features, mainly colour and texture.

There 5 types of Soil Horizon and these are:

O Horizon: Humus
A Horizon: Topsoil
B Horizon: Subsoil
C Horizon
D Horizon
 Soil Horizons

O Horizon: Humus. Mostly organic material.

A Horizon: Topsoil. A layer of organic materials and minerals
mixed together. ( …
B Horizon: Subsoil. Composed primarily of mineral material
with very little organic material mixed in.
C Horizon: The least weathered layer. …
D Horizon: Bedrock.
DIFFERENT SOIL TYPE
1.SANDY SOIL

Sand or sandy soil is formed by the smallest

or fine particles of weathering rocks. This soil
is known as the poorest type of soil for
agriculture and growing plants as they have
very low nutritional value and poor water
holding capacity.
Sandy soils are generally dry, nutrient-dense,
and fast-draining. It is used for planting and
cultivation.
For useful vegetables like potatoes, grams,
tomatoes, etc., a minimum percentage of
this soil is required for a given period. The
percentage varies from vegetable to
vegetable.
 2. CLAY

• Clay is the smallest of the three soil

particle sizes, sand, silt and clay. Clay
particles are less than 0.002 millimeters in
diameter, feels sticky when wet, and can
be formed into a ball.

• Clay is best soil because clay allows for

roots to hold tight to the soil, plants are
less likely to heave. To sum up, with clay
soil you water less, fertilize less, get a
better foundation for your plants and
extend their hardiness when extremes in
weather occur.
3. LOAM/ LOAMY SOIL

Loamy soil is the mixture of sand,

clay and silt. It contains more
moisture, nutrients and humus
compared to sandy soil and better
drainage compared to clay and silt
soil. It has the right water holding
capacity needed for the growth of
plants
4. SILT

Silt Soil is a light and moisture

retentive soil type with a high
fertility rating. As silt soils
compromise of medium sized
particles they are well drained
and hold moisture well. As the
particles are fine, they can be
easily compacted and are prone
to washing away with rain.
5.PEAT SOIL

Peat soil is a type of soil made

from decomposed organic
materials that form over thousands
of years. Peat soil has a high
percentage of organic matter
content from plant materials like
decaying sphagnum peat moss.
Peat soil accumulates in wetland
ecosystems called peatlands or
peat bogs.
SOIL STRUCTURE
 SOIL PYRAMID

Soil texture triangle is used

to classify the texture class
of a soil. The sides of the
soil texture triangle are
scaled for the percentages
of sand, silt, and clay. Clay
percentages are read from
left to right across the
triangle (dashed lines).
 MINERALS IN SOIL

The most common minerals

found in soil that support plant
growth are phosphorus, and
potassium and also, nitrogen
gas. Other, less common
minerals include calcium,
magnesium, and sulfur. The
biotic and abiotic factors in
the soil are what make up the
soil’s composition.
Minerals found in soil are…
1.NITROGEN (N)
Plants need nitrogen to grow, develop and produce seed. The main source of
nitrogen in soils is from organic matter.
As the soil fertility page explains, nitrogen is really important for plant growth
(structure), plant food processing (metabolism), and the creation of
chlorophyll. Without enough nitrogen in the plant, the plant cannot grow
taller, or produce enough food (usually yellow). But too much nitrogen is just
as dangerous.

2. PHOSPHORUS (P)
Phosphorus is one of the major plant nutrients in the soil. It is a constituent of
plant cells, essential for cell division and development of the growing tip of
the plant. For this reason it is vital for seedlings and young plants.
3. POTASSIUM (K)
Potassium only occurs in soils in inorganic form and does not make up part
of the soil organic matter. Potassium in soil solution and in exchangeable
form occurs as a positively charged ion, K+. Soil colloids and the surface of
soil clay minerals are negatively charged.

4.CALCIUM (Ca)
Various minerals in the earth provide natural sources of calcium. Among
these are the common liming agents, calcite and dolomite. Calcium is the
dominant cation on the cation exchange capacity in most soils. It can
readily desorb and replenish soil solution as needed for plant uptake.
MAGNESIUM(Mg)
Magnesium is an essential plant nutrient involved in many physiological
and biochemical processes. It is essential for plant growth, assisting
development and defence mechanisms in abiotic situations (Senbayram
2015).

SULFUR(S)
Sulfur is an essential element in the life processes of all living things,
including microorganisms, higher plants, animals and man. It is an
important part of the proteins needed to sustain life in all biological
organisms.
SOIL ORDER

Soil orders are frequently defined by a single dominant

characteristic affecting soils in that location, e.g., the
prevalent vegetation (Alfisols, Mollisols), the type of parent
material (Andisols, Vertisols), or the climate variables such
as lack of precipitation (Aridisols) or the presence of
permafrost (Gelisols).
THAT’S ALL!!

Group 4
MEMBERS:
1.Resurreccion, Daphne Laine
2.Cañete, Jessa Marie
3.Asta, Jumraida
4.Talpis, Tiffanie