Subject: Thermal Engineering

Chapter Name: 2. Ideal Gases & Ideal Gas Processes

Presented By:
Mr. Mangesh S. Bidkar
Lecturer, Mechanical Engg. Department
 What is Ideal Gas??
An Ideal gas is a theoretical gas or imaginary gas
composed of a set of randomly moving, non-
interacting point like particles and they obeys the
gas law always.
OR
Ideal gas may be defined as state of substance
whose evaporation is complete and it strictly
obeys the gas laws at all conditions of pressure
and temperature.
 Assumptions made for ideal gas
1) ideal gas consists of a large number of
identical molecules
2) molecular size is negligible.
3) molecular speeds and directions are
distributed randomly
4) there are no attractive forces between the
molecules.
5) all collisions are perfectly elastic and
instantaneous.
 Gas Laws
The Behavior of gas undergoing any change is studied
with respect to its pressure, tempreture and volume.
According to their behavior it is governed by following
three laws:

1)Boyle’s
law

1)Gay
1)Charl
Lussac’s
e’s law
law
 Boyle’s law
Boyle’s law states that absolute pressure of a given
mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume, when
Temperature is constant.

Mathematically,
P α when T is Constant.

PV = Constant

P1V1=P2V2=Constant
 Charle’s Law
Charles law states that volume of given mass of gas is
directly proportional to its tempreture when pressure
is constant.

Mathematically, V α T

=Constant
 Gay Lussac’s Law
Gay Lussac’s law states that absolute pressure of
given mass of gas is directly proportional to its
tempreture, when volume is constant.

Mathematically, pαT

==Constant
 General Gas Equation
According to Boyle’s law ,
Pα

Vα (1)

According to charle’s Law

VαT (2)

From Equation (1) & (2)

V α and V α T
Vα
 General Gas Equation
P.V α T
P.V = Constant of Proportionality × T

= Constant (3)

= = Constant (4)

Equation (3) and (4) is called as General Gas Equation.

Modified Gas equation
PV = mRT
 Characteristic gas equation
This equation obtained from boyles & Charles law is
= Constant
PV = Constant × T
Let us consider gas having mass 1 kg. then volume
occupied by 1kg of that gas will be called as specific
Volume.
P =RT
Now if m kg of gas taken then equation becomes
mP =mRT
V= ×m
P V =m R T
 Joule’s law
Joules law states that change in internal energy is directly
proportional to change in Tempreture.
dU α dT

dU = m
dU = m
=m
NOTE: To calculate change in internal energy is same for all gas
processes.
 Various Gas Processes
The Various gas processes are enlisted as
below:
1) Isobaric Process
2) Isochoric Process
3) Isothermal Process
4) Isentropic Process
5) Polytropic process
 Isobaric Process

If Pressure of gas remains

constant during the process
the process is called
Isobaric or Constant
Pressure process.
 Isobaric Process
1) P-V-T Relationship
= But ( =)

=
2) Work done by gas
W1-2=mR (T2-T1 )

3) Change in Internal Energy

U1-2 = m CV (T2-T1 )
 Isobaric Process

4) Heat Supplied to the gas:

Q1-2 = m Cp (T2-T1 )

5) Change in Enthalpy
dH = m Cp (T2-T1 )

6) Change in Entropy
S1-2 = m Cp log( )
 Isochoric Process
If the volume of gas
Constant
remains constant during Volume
a process the process
is called as isochoric
process or constant
volume process.
 Isochoric Process
1)P-V-T Relationship
= But ( =)

2) Work done by gas

W1-2= 0 But ( =)

3) Change in internal Energy

U1-2 = m CV (T2-T1 )
 Isochoric Process
4) Heat supplied to the
gas
Q1-2 = m Cv (T2-T1 )

5) Change in Enthalpy
H2-H1=m Cp (T2-T1 )

6) Change in Entropy
S1-2 = m CV log( )
 Isothermal Process
If the temperature of gas remains
constant during expansion or
compression the process is called
as Isothermal Process or Constant
Temperature Process.

1)P-V-T Relationship

= But ( =)

P1V1 = P2V2

2) Work done by gas

W1-2 = P1V1 log( )
 Isothermal Process
3) Change in Internal Energy
dU=m CV (T2-T1 ) = 0

4) Heat Supplied
Q1-2 = m RT1 log( )

5) Change in Enthalpy
dH = m Cp (T2-T1 ) (T 1=T2)

dH = 0

6) Change in entropy
S1-2 = m R log ( )
 Isentropic Process
When the working substance in a system neither receives
nor gives out heat to the surrounding during compression
or expansion the process is called as Isentropic process
or Adiabatic process.
 Isentropic Process
1)P-V-T Relationship

2) Work done
W1-2 =

3) Internal Energy
dU=m CV (T2-T1 )

4) Heat Supplied
Q1-2 = 0
 Isentropic Process

5) Change in Enthalpy
dH = m Cp (T2-T1 )

6) Change in Entropy
dS = 0 (S1= S2)
 Polytropic Process
For Expansion and compression of gases polytropic process
followed the law
PVn = Constant
Where, n = Polytropic index

1)P-V-T relationship

2) Work done
W1-2 = For Expansion Process
W1-2 = For Compression Process
 Polytropic Process
3) Change in Internal Energy
dU=m CV (T2-T1 )

4) Heat Supplied
Q1-2 = ×()

5) Change in Enthalpy
dH = m Cp (T2-T1 )

6) Change in Entropy

S1-2 = ×(m CV log( ))

Thank You