Internship

presentation
Civil engineering
Name ; ankush gawai
usn ; 3rb2o cv007
Topics

Retaining wall
staircase
Retaining wall
 Certainly, a retaining wall
is a structure designed
to resist the lateral
pressure of soil when
there is a desired change
in ground elevation that
exceeds the angle of
repose of the soil. In
simpler terms, it's a
structure that holds back
or retains soil. Retaining
walls are commonly used
in various
Purpose of retaining wall
 Retaining walls are primarily built to prevent
soil erosion and to create a barrier that holds
back soil on slopes. They can be used for
aesthetic purposes as well.
Construction Process
 The construction
process typically
involves excavation,
placement of the
base material,
building the wall,
and backfilling. The
construction should
follow engineering
specifications and
local building codes.
Materials
 Retaining walls can be
constructed using
various materials such
as concrete blocks,
poured concrete,
treated timbers, rocks,
or even boulders. The
choice of material
depends on factors like
design, cost, and the
wall's intended
function.
Reinforcement of retaining wall
 Depending on the height and load-bearing
requirements, retaining walls may need
reinforcement. This can include the use of
geogrids, steel bars, or other materials to
enhance stability.
Types of Retaining Walls
 Gravity Walls: These rely on their
weight and mass to resist the
pressure from the retained soil.
 Cantilever Walls: These have a
stem and a base slab that resists
the soil pressure and may have a
counterfort on the backside for
additional support.
 Counterfort Walls: Similar to
cantilever walls but with
additional vertical supports
(counterforts) on the backside
for added strength.
 Anchored Walls: These use
cables or stays anchored in the
soil behind the wall to provide
additional lateral support.
Staircase design
 Staircases are architectural
elements designed to
bridge a vertical distance
by dividing it into smaller,
manageable steps. They
are commonly found in
buildings and outdoor
spaces and serve both
functional and aesthetic
purposes. Staircases come
in various designs and
materials, ranging from
simple and utilitarian to
elaborate and decorative.
Here are some key components and
types of staircases:
 Basic Components:
 Treads: The horizontal part of the step that you
step on.
 Risers: The vertical components between each
tread.
 Stringers: The structural elements that support
the treads and risers.
 Handrails: Railings along the sides of the
staircase for support and safety.
 Balusters: Vertical posts that support the
handrail.
Types of Staircases
 Straight Staircase: The most
common type, which goes straight
up without any turns.
 L-Shaped Staircase: Makes a 90-
degree turn, typically with a
landing.
 U-Shaped Staircase: Forms a U
shape with two flights of stairs
and a landing.
 Spiral Staircase: Circular or helical
in shape, often with a central pole.
 Floating Staircase: Appears to be
unsupported, with each step
attached to a central stringer or
hidden structure.

Staircases Types
Materials
 Wood: Traditional and
widely used for its warmth
and versatility.
 Metal: Offers a modern and
industrial aesthetic, often
used in contemporary
designs.
 Concrete: Durable and
commonly used in outdoor
or industrial settings.
 Glass: Provides a sleek and
transparent look, often
used in modern
architecture.
Design Considerations
 Safety: Staircases must comply with building
codes to ensure safety, including appropriate
dimensions for riser height and tread depth.
 Aesthetics: Staircases can be a focal point of

a space, and their design can contribute to

the overall aesthetic of a building.
 Functionality: The design should suit the

purpose of the staircase, whether it's for

residential, commercial, or industrial use.
Thank you