LOGIC

AND
REASONIN
GRaffy Metran – BSCE
1A
 LOGIC REASONING
- Is more focused on the - Is more focused on how
theoretical aspects of we use evidence and
thinking and decision- Involve the information to support our
process of
making. using critical
conclusion.
thinking and
analysis to Ex.
Ex. arrive a ta
If all human are mortal, conclusion. Human beings need to
and Socrates is a human, breathe to live. You’re
then Socrates must be human, you need to breath
mortal. to live.
LOGI REASONIN
C G
LOGI
CoLogic is from the Greek word
“Logike”.
oIt is featured prominently in
the subjects of philosophy,
mathematics and computer
science.
LOGI
CExample
- Jerome is a civil engineering student, then
his good as mathematics.

- If the concrete mix design meets the

specified ratio of ingredients, then the
concrete will achieve the required compressive
strength.
LOGI REASONIN
C G
REASONIN
G
oIs an art as well as science: it is
something we do as well as
understand. The mental
recognition of cause-and-effect
relationship is called
re a s

“reasoning”.
REASONIN
G Example
- In the past, buildings constructed on clayey
soils with shallow foundations experienced
settlement issues. The soil at the construction
site for a new building is clayey, therefore it is
more likely that the new rbuilding
eas may
experience settlement issues if a shallow
foundation is used.
LOGIC IS OFTEN DIVIDED
INTO TWO BROAD
METHOD OF REASONING
SS

- Inductive reasoning
- Deductive reasoning
 INDUCTIVE
REASONING
- Makes specific observations to broad generalization.
- This is sometimes called a “bottom up” approach. The
researcher begins with specific observations and measures,
begins to then detect patterns and regularities, formulate
some tentative hypotheses to explore, and finally ends up
developing some general conclusions or theories.
 INDUCTIVE
REASONING
Example:

“Robert is a teacher, he is nice, therefore all

teachers are nice.

“Suzy is a doctor, she is smart. Then all doctors

must be smart.
 DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
- Happens when a researcher works from the more
general information to more specific.
- Sometimes this is called the “top down” approach
because the researcher starts at the top with a very broad
spectrum of information, and they work with their way down
to a specific conclusion.
 DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
Example:

“All men are mortal. Marven is a man. Therefore, Marvin is mortal.”

“Everyday , I leave for work in my car at eight o’clock. Everyday the

drive to work takes 45 minutes I arrive to work on time. Therefore, if
I leave for work at eight o’clock today, I will be on time.
ACTUAL PRACTICE AND ITS
USE
- Inductive reasoning has its place in the
scientific method. Scientists use
It to form hypotheses and theories.

- Deductive reasoning allows them to apply

the theories to specific situations
ACTUAL PRACTICE AND ITS
USE
- By nature, inductive reasoning is more open-
ended and exploratory, especially during the
early stages. Deductive reasoning is narrow
and is generally used to test or confirm
hypothesis.
ACTUAL PRACTICE AND ITS
USE
- Most social research, however, involves both
inductive and deductive reasoning throughout the
research process. The scientific norm of logical
reasoning provides a two-way bridge between
theory and research. In practice, this typically
involves alternating between deduction and
induction.
THANK
YOU!
Bolonia, M. (n.d.). Logic reasoning. https://www.slideshare.net/marverbolonia/logic-reasoning-
59288170