ETHERNET

Agenda
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 Ethernet concepts
 Media

 Services

 Operations

 Ethernet
 Protocol

 Frame
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 Twisted-pair copper cable:

 Most common and cost-effective option for short to medium
distances (up to 100 meters).
 Different categories (Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6) support varying
speeds, with Cat6 and above reaching Gigabit Ethernet
speeds (1 Gbps) and beyond.
 Susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and
crosstalk (interference between cables).
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 Fiber optic cable:

 Offers greater bandwidth and transmission speeds (up to 10
Gbps and beyond) over longer distances (several kilometers).
 Immune to EMI and crosstalk, providing a more reliable and
stable connection.
 More expensive to install and requires specialized equipment
for connection.
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 Speed: Fiber optic cables support significantly higher speeds compared

to twisted-pair copper cables.
 Distance: Twisted-pair copper cables have limitations on the distance
they can reliably transmit data, typically up to 100 meters for Gigabit
Ethernet. Fiber optic cables can transmit data over much longer
distances without signal degradation.
 Signal Quality: Twisted-pair copper cables are susceptible to
interference from external sources like electrical wires or other cables,
which can degrade signal quality and lead to errors. Fiber optic cables
are immune to such interference, providing a more consistent and
reliable signal.
 Cost: Twisted-pair copper is generally less expensive to purchase and
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 Required data transfer rate: If you need high speeds (1

Gbps or above), fiber optic cable is the better choice.
 Deployment distance: For longer distances, fiber optic
cable is the only viable option.
 Budget: Copper is generally more cost-effective, but
consider the cost of future upgrades if higher speeds are
anticipated.
 Environment: If your network environment is prone to
electromagnetic interference, fiber optic cable offers a
more reliable solution.
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 Network Access
 Provides a physical connection for devices to communicate and
exchange data within a network.
 Data Framing:
 Divides raw data from higher-level protocols (like TCP/IP)
into structured Ethernet frames.
 Each frame specifies:
 Source and destination MAC addresses: Identify sender and
receiver.
 Data type: Describes the type of data encapsulated.
 Error detection information: Ensures data integrity during
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 Addressing:
 Assigns unique MAC addresses (48-bit identifiers) to each
device on the network.
 Enables targeted data communication based on these
addresses.
 Speed and Scalability:
 Offers various speed options (10 Mbps - 100 Gbps and
beyond) to meet different needs.
 Supports network scaling to accommodate growing device
counts and traffic demands.
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 Interoperability:
 Adheres to widely adopted standards, ensuring compatibility
between devices from different manufacturers.
 Enables seamless integration and communication within
diverse network environments.
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 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection

(CSMA/CD):
 Manages shared media access to prevent data collisions.
 Devices:
 Listen to the network before transmitting (Carrier Sense).
 Have equal access to transmit (Multiple Access).
 Detect and resend data if collisions occur (Collision Detection).
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 Frame Transmission and Reception:

 Sending and receiving Ethernet frames containing:
 Data payload.
 Addressing information.
 Error checking mechanisms.
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 Switch Learning and Forwarding:

 (Applicable in switched networks)
 Switches learn MAC addresses of devices connected to
their ports.
 Frames are forwarded only to the intended recipient's
port, reducing network congestion and improving
performance.
 Error Detection and Correction:
 Employs mechanisms like CRC to detect data corruption
during transmission.
 If detected, frames can be retransmitted to ensure data
 References
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 Ethernet:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euEkKB5LPRQ
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzhiVE6OuQA