GENETIC

ENGINEERING AND
ITS APPLICATIONS
Group III – HUMSS – 11 C
 WHAT IS
DNA?

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WHAT IS
DNA?

- Deoxyribonucleic acid, appropriately

nicknamed "The Building Blocks of Life", are
the molecules that carry genetic information for
the development and functioning of an organism.
- They are made of two linked strands that wind
around each other, resulting in the resemblance
of a ladder — a shape known as a double helix.

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DNA
STRUCTURE

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JAMES WATSON FRANCIS CRICK

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 HISTORY

James Watson and Francis Cricket (1953)

- They discovered that the shape of DNA is a
double helix.
- Their findings paved the way for scientists to
discover and modify DNA's structure, and to
further understand the mechanics of heredity
and genes

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 WHAT ARE
GENETICS AND
HEREDITY?

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HEREDITY

- Heredity refers to the genetic heritage passed

from parents to offsprings. Moreover, it is the
transmission of traits from one generation to the
next

- These traits or characteristics can be physical,

like eye colors and blood types, or they can also
be behavioral. For example, the hygienic
behavior of honeybees that drives them to
remove sick larvae from the nest is inherited
behavior
GENETICS

- These Heredity traits are determined by

genes. Genes can either be recessive or
dominant and naturally, the dominant gene
will be expressed. During reproduction, the
genes of biological parents combine to form a
new unique individual. This genetic shuffling
is what makes every organism different in
some way, even compared to the same species.

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 GENETIC ENGINEERING

- Is one of the branches of Biology.

- Refers to the change of an organism's genes using
Biotechnology, resulting in the alteration of an organisms
characteristics or observable traits.
- Some examples of traits that can be modified via Genetic
Engineering include height, blood type, eye color, freckles,
or increased resistance to harmful envirnonmental conditions.

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 GENETIC ENGINEERING

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 THE 6 GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES

1. Restriction Enzymes

- Cutting of DNA strands into

fragments.
Uses: in creating DNA
fragments that can be joined
together to form new DNA.

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 THE 6 GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES

2. Recombinant DNA
Technology
- Combination of a DNA fragment
with the DNA from another source
(also called exogenous DNA)

Note: A plasmid is a small circular DNA molecule.

They carry genes for replicating their DNA, transferring
themselves from one host cell to another, and for a
variety of phenotypes

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 THE 6 GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES

3. Gel Electrophoresis

- Seperates DNA fragments by size.

Electrophoresis involves running a
current through a gel containing the
molecules of interest.
Uses: To study DNA fragments of
various sizes.
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 THE 6 GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES

4. Gene Cloning
- Production of the large numbers of
identical recombinant DNA
molecules.
Uses: To create large amounts of
Recombinant DNA to be used in
Genetically Engineered Organisms.
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 THE 6 GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES

5. DNA Sequencing
- DNA sequencing refers to the
general laboratory technique for
determining the exact sequence of
nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA
molecule.
Uses: To identify errors and to
compare an organisms DNA with
others.
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 THE 6 GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES

6. Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR)

- The polymerase chain reaction is a method widely used to make

millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample rapidly,
allowing scientists to amplify a very small sample of DNA
sufficiently to enable detailed study.

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 THE 6 GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES

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 GENETIC ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES
FOR ANY ORGANISM TO BE MODIFIED:

1. IDENTIFICATION OF ANY ORGANISM WITH

DESIRABLE GENES.
2. EXTRACTION OF THE ENTIRE DNA
3. REMOVAL OF A SPECIFIC GENE FROM THE
REST OF THE DNA
4. INSERTION OF NEW GENE TO AN EXISTING
ORGANISM'S DNA WITH THE USE OF PLASMID,
WHICH IS A CIRCULAR PIECE THAT CONTAINS
THE GENETIC MATERIAL.

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 GENETIC ENGINEERING STEPS FOR ANY
ORGANISM TO BE MODIFIED:
1. IDENTIFICATION OF ANY ORGANISM
WITH DESIRABLE GENES.
2. EXTRACTION OF THE ENTIRE DNA
3. REMOVAL OF A SPECIFIC GENE FROM
THE REST OF THE DNA
4. INSERTION OF NEW GENE TO AN
EXISTING ORGANISM'S DNA WITH THE
USE OF PLASMID, WHICH IS A
CIRCULAR PIECE THAT CONTAINS THE
GENETIC MATERIAL.

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 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GENETIC
ENGINEERING
1. PLANT GENETIC
MODIFICATION
Genetically heterogeneous
population of plants is inspected,
and "superior" individuals or plants
with the most desirable traits are
like imrpoved yield, are selected
for continued propigation.

Examples:
- Production of pest-resistant plants
- Increase of crop production
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 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GENETIC
ENGINEERING
2. ANIMAL GENETIC
MODIFICATION
Assisted reproductive technologies;
use of naturally occuring hormones,
such as recombinants, and
biotechnology to enhance reproductive
efficiency without affecting the
genome; and biotechnology to enhance
expression of desirable genes.

Examples:
- Increase of milk production of cow
- Double production of eggs in
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 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GENETIC
ENGINEERING
3. GENETIC
MODIFICATION OF
MICROBES
- Micro-organisms are used to
produce food, wine, bread, and
cheese are common examples
of ancient foods.
Examples:
* Increase microbe-dependent-
food production
* Increase human
immunity/resistance to
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 APPLICATIONS OF
GENETIC ENGINEERING

• In agriculture, to create genetically-modified crops that can be

resistant to pests.
• In medicine, it has been used to mass-produce insulin, human
growth hormones, Follistim (for treating infertility), human albumin,
monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic factors, vaccines, and many
other drugs.
• In research, organisms are genetically engineered to discover the
functions of certain genes.

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 SUMMARY

•Genetic engineering​i s the process of​ artificially altering

genes​i n a cell to change the way it works. This could be
to make the cell perform a​ desired function​, such as
making a specific protein, or to make the cell ​resistant ​t o
different factors.

• It is seen all around us, from our agriculture and

medicine, to scientific innovations, inventions, and
discoveries. Genetic Engineering has proven to have a
wide variety of applications to fields that affect not only
those in the fields of science and biology, but every living
person on this planet.

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 THANK
YOU!

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