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Production of Soda Ash from Doum Tree
Presented by:
• Introduction
• Problem Statement
• Aim and Objectives
• Processes
• Methodology
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusion References
2
Introduction
Introduction
Doum Tree:
Doum tree (Hyphaene thebaica) is a palm tree that is indigenous to
desert areas of India, the Middle East, and Africa.
It also grows well in the Northern part of Nigeria, Niger Republic
and Chad.
Characteristics:
Doum fruit is a fantastic source of fiber and carbohydrates from a
nutritional standpoint.
Economic Importance:
It is used for glassmaking, soapmaking, and as a cleaning agent.
Source: Getty image
It is a drought-resistant, slow-growing tree that can grow up to 10 meters in height and have a trunk diameter
up to one meter (Fletcher, 1997).
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Problem Statement
4
Justification
Justification
• The current methods for producing soda ash, such as the Solvay process, are energy-intensive, and the waste
generated during the production process can have negative impacts on the environment
Need
There is a need to explore alternative and sustainable sources of soda ash. The use of doum tree as a natural
source of soda ash presents an opportunity to reduce the dependence on synthetic methods and promote
sustainable practices in the soda ash industry
Doum tree is a readily available and renewable source of sodium carbonate, and the
Availability: extraction process is relatively simple and low-cost compared to the current methods of
soda ash production.
Aim
To produce soda ash from doum tree .
2. Natural Process
Trona Purification
Monohydrate process
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Exemplary block scheme of soda production by Solvay method
Environmental Impacts of Synthetic Processes
Gaeous effluents :
Particulate dust, Nox
Liquid effluents:
waste water from distillation
Solid effleunts:
raw limestone particles
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Discussion of result
120
100
80
foamability level (%)
60
Good interactions with the
other components contained in
40 the formulation that affect the
soap formation and stability.
20
0
A B C D E F G
Variable concentrations
Figure 1: The foamability property of the soaps with varying soda ash concentrations
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Discussion of result
10
4
natural soda ash content
(sample A) is 4.6, which is
3
within the range of
2
specification to keep skin
1 hydrated and safe, when
0 compared to the sample “B”,
A B C D E F G
3.5
2.5
Penetration level (cm)
Figure 3: Durability test analysis of the produced soap with different compositions
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Discussion of result
3.5
2.5
The 100 % of both synthetic
and natural soda ash
Cleanliness level (%)
2 composition as well as 80 %
natural soda ash compositional
1.5
formulations the lowest
1 cleanliness level when
compared to the sample with
0.5 80 % synthetic and 20 %
natural soda ash formulation
0
A B C D E F G
1.2
0.8
Solubility (g/hr)
0.6
shows the solubility of the
produced soaps with different
soda ash concentrations. As
0.4
shown in the figure, the sample
with 100 % natural soda ash
0.2 content dissolved more with 1
g/hr when compared to the
0
A B C D E F G
sample with 100 % synthetic
Sample variable concentration
soda ash content with 0.7 g/hr.
The following conclusions were drawn from this research at the end of the investigations
The soda ash content extracted from doum tree back was 8.68 % which is good for partial replacement of synthetic soda
The foamability performance of the formulations containing both synthetic and natural soda ash further justified that,
partial replacement of natural soda ash with that of synthetic with right proportions will enhance soap production
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References:
Sirajo, A. Z. (2016). Production and analysis of soap using locally available raw materials. Elixil International Journal of
Applied Chemistry. 96(2016).
Fletcher, R. (1997) Listing of Useful Plants of the World. Australian New Crops.
Hsu, H. W. ; Vavak, D. L. ; Satterlee, L. D. ; Miller, G. A., 2006. A multienzyme technique for estimating protein
digestibility. J. Food Sci., 42 (5): 1269-1273
Curlin, L. C.; Bommaraju, T. V; 1991; Sodium carbonate; Encyclopedia of chemical technology; 4th edition;
Örgül, S.; 2003; Evaluation of soda ash production parameters from Beypazari trona ore; The Middle East Technical
University
Backus, R.; 2007; Location, Location, Location: synthetic soda ash vs natural soda ash; Focus on Surfactants; 2007
Neuman, T.H; Chastain, R.W; Solution mining of carbonate/bicarbonate deposits to produce soda ash; 1998; United
States Patent 5766290
Thieme, C; 2003; Sodium carbonate; Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial chemistry; 6th edition
Wagialla, I. S. ;Al-Mutaz; El-Dahshan, M. E. ;1992; The manufacture of soda ash in the Arabian Gulf; International
Journal of Production Economics
Steinhauser, G; Cleaner production in the Solvay Process: general strategies and recent developments; 2007; journal of
Cleaner Production; 16 (2008)
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T H A N K
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