Describe phase diagrams

In your own, explain

what is solution
 1.
Objectives
What will you expect to learn
 Objectives
✘ Use different ways of expressing concentration
of solutions: percent by mass, mole fraction,
molarity, molality, percent by volume, percent by
mass, ppm
✘ Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions
in solution
Solutions
What is a
solution?
A solution is a homogeneous
mixture in which a solute
dissolves in a solvent, and the
separate particles occur as
individual atoms, ions, or
molecules.
Solubility refers to the amount
of solute that dissolves in a
fixed amount of solvent at a
given temperature, where an
excess of the solute is present.
Solubility refers to the amount of
solute that dissolves in a fixed amount
of solvent at a given temperature,
where an excess of the solute is
present. Different solutes have
different solubilities.
Solubility is a quantitative term, but dilute
and concentrated are qualitative, referring
to the relative amounts of dissolved solute;
the NaCl solution above is concentrated,
and the AgCl solution is dilute
 Liquid Solutions and
the Role of Molecular
Polarity
Applying the Like-
Dissolves-Like Rule
The like-dissolves-like rule means
that when the forces within the
solute are similar to those within
the solvent, the forces replace each
other and a solution forms.
Example
✘ Salts are soluble in water because the strong ion-dipole
attractions between ion and water are similar to the
strong attractions between the ions and the strong H
bonds between water molecules, so they can replace
each other
✘ Salts are insoluble in hexane (C6H14) because the
weak ion–induced dipole forces between ion and
nonpolar hexane cannot replace attractions between
the ions.
✘ Oil is insoluble in water because the weak dipole–
induced dipole forces between oil and water
molecules cannot replace the strong H bonds within
water molecules and the extensive dispersion forces
within the oil.
✘ Oil is soluble in hexane because dispersion forces
in one readily replace dispersion forces in the other.
Solution Concentration
(Concentration Terms)
Concentration is measure of the quantity of
solute in a given quantity of solvent (or
solution). A solution with a relatively
small concentration of solute is said to be
dilute; one with a large concentration is
said to be concentrated.
Molarity
Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute dissolved in
1 L of solution:

Molarity has two drawbacks that affect its use in precise work:
✘ Effect of temperature. A liquid expands when heated, so a unit volume of hot
solution contains less solute than one of cold solution; thus, the molarity is
different.
✘ Effect of mixing. Because of solute-solvent interactions that are difficult to predict,
volumes may not be additive: adding 500. mL of one solution to 500. mL of
another may not give 1000. mL of final solution.
Molality
it is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000 g (1
kg) of solvent:

Molality has two advantages over molarity for precise work

✘ Effect of temperature. Molal solutions are based on masses of components, not
volume. And since mass does not change with temperature, neither does molality.
✘ Effect of mixing. Unlike volumes, masses are additive: adding 500. g of one
solution to 500. g of another does give 1000. g of final solution.
Sample Problem I: Molality
A solution is made by dissolving 4.35 g of
glucose (C6H12O6) in 25.0 mL of water at
25 °C. Calculate the molality of glucose in
the solution. Water has a density of 1.00
g/mL.
Sample Problem 2: Molality
How many grams of glucose
(C6H12O6) must be dissolved in 563 g
of ethanol (C2H5OH) to prepare a
2.40X10-2 m solution?
Sample Problem I: Molarity
A solution is prepared by dissolving 25.0
mL ethanol, CH3CH2OH (0.789g/mL) in
enough water to produce 250.0 mL
solution. What is the molarity of ethanol in
the solution
Sample Problem 2: Molarity
A 22.3 g sample of acetone (C3H5O) is
dissolved in enough water to produce 1.25
L of solution. What is the molarity of
acetone in this solution?
Mass Percent, Volume Percent, and Mass/Volume Percent
Two very similar terms
are parts per million
(ppm) by mass and
parts per billion (ppb)
by mass, or grams of
solute per million or
per billion grams of
solution: in Equation,
you multiply by 10^6
or by 10^9,
respectively, instead of
by 100.

Another possibility is to express the mass of solute and volume of solution. An

aqueous solution with 0.9 g NaCl in 100.0 mL of solution is said to be 0.9% NaCl
(mass/volume).
Mole Fraction and Mole Percent
The mole fraction (X) of a solute is the ratio of number
of moles of solute to the total number of moles (solute
plus solvent), that is, parts by mole:

The mole percent is the mole fraction expressed as a percentage:

Sample Problem I: Calculation of Mass-Related
Concentrations
✘ A solution is made by dissolving 13.5 g of glucose
(C6H12O6) in 0.100 kg of water. What is the mass
percentage of solute in this solution?
✘ A 2.5-g sample of groundwater was found to contain
5.4 g of Zn2+. What is the concentration of Zn2+ in
parts per million?
Sample Problem 2: Calculation of Mass-
Related Concentrations
Calculate the mass percentage of NaCl in a
solution containing 1.50 g of NaCl in 50.0
g of water.
(a) 0.0291%, (b) 0.0300%, (c) 0.0513%,
(d) 2.91%, (e) 3.00%.
Sample Problem 3: Calculation of Mass-
Related Concentrations
A commercial bleaching solution contains
3.62% by mass of sodium hypochlorite,
NaOCl. What is the mass of NaOCl in a
bottle containing 2.50 kg of bleaching
solution?
Sample Problem 4: Mole Fractions
A sample of rubbing alcohol contains 142
g of isopropyl alcohol (C3H7OH) and 58.0
g of water. What are the mole fractions of
alcohol and water?
Sample Problem 5: mass percent and
mole fractions
An alcohol solution contains 35.0 g of 1-
propanol (C3H7OH) and 150. g of ethanol
(C2H5OH). Calculate the mass percent and
the mole fraction of each alcohol.
 Interconverting
Concentration Terms
All the terms we just discussed represent different ways of
expressing concentration, so they are interconvertible. Keep these
points in mind:
✘ To convert a term based on amount to one based on mass, you
need the molar mass. These conversions are similar to the mass-
mole conversions you’ve done earlier.
✘ To convert a term based on mass to one based on volume, you
need the solution density. Given the mass of solution, the
density (mass/volume) gives the volume, or vice versa.
✘ Molality includes quantity of solvent; the other terms include
quantity of solution.
Sample Problem 1: Interconverting Concentration
Terms
Hydrogen peroxide is a powerful oxidizing agent; it is
used in concentrated solution in rocket fuel, but in
dilute solution in hair bleach. An aqueous solution of
H2O2 is 30.0% by mass and has a density of 1.11
g/mL. Calculate the (a) molality, (b) mole fraction of
H2O2, and (c) molarity
Sample Problem 2: Interconverting
Concentration Terms

An ethanol water solution is prepared by

dissolving 10.00 mL of ethanol, CH3CH2OH (d
= 0.789 g/mL), in a sufficient volume of water
to produce 100.0 mL of a solution with a density
of 0.982 g/mL (Fig. 13-1). What is the
concentration of ethanol in this solution
expressed as (a) volume percent; (b) mass
percent; (c) mass/volume percent; (d) mole
fraction; (e) mole percent; (f) molarity; (g)
molality?
Sample Problem 3: Interconverting
Concentration Terms

A solution that is 20.0% ethanol, by

volume, is found to have a density of
0.977 g/mL. Use this fact, together
with data from Example 13-1, to
determine the mass percent ethanol in
the solution.
Stoichiometry of Reactions
in Solution
Sample Problem 1: Relating the Mass of a Product to
the Volume and Molarity of a Reactant Solution

A 25.00 mL pipetful of 0.250 M K2CrO4 is added to

an excess of AgNO3(aq) What mass of Ag2CrO4 will
precipitate from the solution?
Sample Problem 2: Relating the Mass of a Product to
the Volume and Molarity of a Reactant Solution

How many milliliters of 0.250 M K2CrO4 must be

added to excess AgNO3(aq) to produce 1.50 g
Ag2CrO4?
Sample Problem 3: Relating the Mass of a Product to
the Volume and Molarity of a Reactant Solution

How many milliliters of 0.150 M AgNO3 are required

to react completely with 175 mL of 0.0855 M
K2CrO4? What mass of Ag2CrO4 is formed?
 5.
Generalization, Application
and Assessment
 Application
✘ How can you apply your knowledge in concentration
in your daily life?
 Generalization
✘ Complete the sentence
○ I learned that………….
○ I realized that …………
Assessment
A 11.3 mL sample of CH3OH (d =
0.793 g/mL) is dissolved in enough
water to produce 75.0 mL of a solution
with a density of 0.980 g/mL. What is
the solution concentration expressed
as (a) mole fraction H2O (b) molarity
of CH3OH; c) molality of CH3OH?
 thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at
robindane.dalaguan@deped.gov.ph