Vulnerability of

Certain Structures to
Hazards

1
Types of Physical Structures

These structures follow building codes. These are

Engineered Buildings designed, planned, and built by licensed structural
engineers and architects.

These structures are designed by unlicensed engineers

Non-engineered Buildings
and architects. They are built without a permit.

Like non-engineered construction, these structures do

Owner-Built Structures not have building permits and do not follow safety
standards for buildings and houses.
Owner-built buildings
Types of Vulnerability in Physical Structures

Structural Non-Structural
● location ● walls
● number of surrounding buildings ● ceilings
● number of stories ● light fixtures
● shape and symmetry ● doors and windows
● age of building ● electrical equipment
● typology ● mechanical equipment
● alterations ● plumbing
● maintenance ● electrical installation
Elements Exposed
to Hazards

4
Exposure and Exposure Drivers

This refers to the situation of communities in hazard-

Exposure prone areas. It includes people, houses, infrastructure,
and economic resources.

Major cities cause population growth, migration,

urbanization, and economic development. These in turn
Exposure Drivers cause people to be concentrated in areas exposed to
hazards.
Elements Exposed to Hazards

Table 1. Types of elements exposed to hazards

Physical Social Economic Environmental
● houses ● children (18 ● small and ● natural
● roads years old and medium landscape
● bridges below) enterprises ● bodies of water
● railways ● women ● livelihood
● airports (including ● access to work
pregnant
women)
● the elderly
Short Neighborhood Analysis

Inspect parts of the school and assess if they are built with materials that can
withstand disasters such as typhoons and earthquakes. List down the materials
that protect an area from disasters.
REFERENCES
“Fundamental Roles of the Yokohama Disaster Risk Reduction Learning Center.” Yokohama Disaster Risk Learning
Center. Accessed November 13, 2022. https://bo-sai.city.yokohama.lg.jp/en/about.

“Volcano Monitoring (Alert Levels).” Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. August 8, 2018.
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcano-alert-level.

Arya, Anand S., Anup Karanth, and Ankush Agarwal. 2012. Hazards, Disasters, and Your Community: A Primer for
Parliamentarians, ver. 1 (New Delhi: Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs National Disaster
Management Division).
https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/images/public-awareness/Primer%20for%20Parliamentarians.pdf.

Behlert, Benedikt, Rouven Diekjobst, Carsten Felgentreff, Timeela Manandhar, Peter Mucke, Ludger Pries, Katrin
Radtke, and Daniel Weller. 2020. WorldRiskReport 2020 – Focus: Forced Displacement and Migration. (Berlin:
Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft). https://weltrisikobericht.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/WRR_2020_online_.pdf.