Advanced DOE

Advanced DOE

Learning Objectives
 Plackett-Burman Designs
 Box-Behnken Designs
 Central Composite (Box-Wilson)
Design

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Plackett-Burman Designs
Plackett-Burman Designs are two-level fractional factorial
designs, of Resolution III, used for studying K=N–1
variables in N runs, where N is a multiple of 4.

It is use to screen out a large number of factors with

small number of runs.

The design can be specified by giving just the first

column.

8Runs +++–+––
12 Runs ++–+++–––+–
16 Runs ++++–+–++––+–––
20 Runs ++--++++-+-+----++-
24 Runs +++++-+-++--++--+-+----
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Plackett-Burman Designs
Example: 8 Run Plackett-Burman Design: + + + – + – –

Run A B C D E F G
1 + – – + – + +
2 + + – – + – +
3 + + + – – + –
4 – + + + – – +
5 + – + + + – –
6 – + – + + + –
7 – – + – + + +
8 – – – – – – –

Each Plackett-Burman Design can have up to k = (n – 1) factors.

If k < (n – 1), only the first k columns are used.

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Example 1
An engineer plans to investigate the main effects
of 5 factors. He can only perform 10
experimental runs at best. Select an appropriate
experimental design.

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Example 1
Stat  DOE  Factorial  Create Factorial Design

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Plackett-Burman Designs
StdOrder RunOrder CenterPt Blocks A B C D E
1 2 1 1 1 –1 –1 1 –1
2 5 1 1 1 1 –1 –1 1
3 3 1 1 1 1 1 –1 –1
4 1 1 1 –1 1 1 1 –1
5 7 1 1 1 –1 1 1 1
6 4 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 1
7 6 1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 1
8 8 1 1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1

Note that only the first 5 columns are defined.

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Plackett-Burman Designs
Each of the k factors are run at 2 levels.

Pro:
a) Allows limited number of runs to evaluate large numbers of
factors.
b) Interactions are not evaluated, the effects for all factors are
placed in a Pareto chart and hence important factors will be
surfaced out for indepth testing.
Con:
a) Assume that interactions are not strong enough to mask
main effects and quadratic effects (if exist) are closely
related to the factor linear effects.

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Box-Behnken Designs
Run A B C It is used for 3-level design for
1 -1 -1 0
2 1 -1 0
modeling quantitative factors (time,
3 -1 1 0 temperature, pressure, etc).
4 1 1 0
5 -1 0 -1
6 1 0 -1
It uses 2k design while holding certain
7 -1 0 1 factors at their centerpoint.
8 1 0 1
9 0 -1 -1
10 0 1 -1
11 0 -1 1
12 0 1 1
13 0 0 0
14 0 0 0
15 0 0 0

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Box-Behnken Designs
Stat  DOE  Response Surface 
Create Response Surface Design

(1)

(2)

(3)

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Box-Behnken Designs
Each of the k factors are run at 3 levels.

Pro:
a) Able to estimate all linear and quadratic effects, and
2-factor interactions.
b) Less runs required, compared vs 3k Factorial Designs.
c) Does not include any corner points.

Con:
a) Number of runs is large enough to estimate all
quadratic and 2-factor interactions, regardless of need.
b) Cannot be built-up from a 2k-p Factorial Design.

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Central Composite (Box-Wilson) Design

Run A B C
1 -1 -1 -1
2 1 -1 -1

3 -1 1 -1

4 1 1 -1

5 -1 -1 1

6 1 -1 1

7 -1 1 1

8 1 1 1

9 -1.682 0 0

10 1.682 0 0

11 0 -1.682 0

12 0 1.682 0

13 0 0 -1.682 
14 0 0 1.682

15 0 0 0

16 0 0 0

17 0 0 0

18 0 0 0

19 0 0 0

20 0 0 0
 = nf¼ where nf is number of runs
in factorial portion of CCD

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Central Composite (Box-Wilson) Design

+ =
Factorial Center Central
Points Points & Composite
Axial (Box-Wilson)
(8 runs) Points Design
(6 + 6 runs) (20 runs)
nc  4 nf  1  2k
na = 2k
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Central Composite (Box-Wilson) Design

Stat  DOE  Response Surface 
Create Response Surface Design

(1)

(2)

(3)

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Central Composite (Box-Wilson) Design

Each of the k factors can be run at 5 levels.
Pro:
a) Able to estimate all linear effects, and selected
quadratic effects and 2-factor interactions.
b) Can be built-up from a 2k-q screening design, by
adding axial points.
Con:
a) Best suited for quantitative factors.
b) Some axial points may be in non-desirable
conditions.

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Comparison of 3-Level Designs

Scenario 3k Factorial Box-Behnken CCD
k=3 9+(0)=9 15+(3)=18 13+(3)=16
with no interaction
k=4 27+(0)=27 27+(3)=30 20+(4)=24
with 3 2-factor interactions
k=5 27+(0)=27 46+(6)=52 20+(2)=22
with 1 2-factor interaction
k=5 81+(0)=81 46+(6)=52 33+(7)=40
with all 2-factor interactions
k=7 81+(0)=81 62+(6)=68 33+(3)=36
with 7 2-factor interactions

 Numbers in parenthesis = the number of replicated

center points.
 For CCD, nc  4 nf  1  2k
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End of Topic
What question do you have?

Statistical significance does not always

mean practical significance.

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Reference Book

Author:
George EP Box
William G Hunter
J Stuart Hunter
Publisher:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ISBN: 0-471-09315-7

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Reference Book

Author:
Stephen R Schmidt
Robert G Launsby
Publisher:
Air Academy Press
ISBN: 1-880156-05-9

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